Drug Addiction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 868 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Drug Addiction: Disease or Habit? When people hear the words drug addict, these words have negative connotations and stigmas attached to them. People visualize a person who does not care about anything, including family, work, or commitments, except for obtaining money to buy drugs to get high. However, there are many people who are drug addicts that maintain a normal, functional life. Most people who are drug addicts would give anything to kick the habit; they do not enjoy the high anymore. The problem is, they can’t. Addiction, defined by Webster, is a compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance characterized by tolerance and by well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal. So, if the addicts want to stop, why can’t they? Is drug addiction a disease or habit? Drug dependency takes a long course from action to habits to compulsion. The personal effects of prescription drugs is a topic that hits home for me. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drug Addiction" essay for you Create order I have had many friends lose their lives due to prescription drugs, literally and figuratively. Some were thrill-seekers, some just curious; some tried drugs because their friends used, or they wanted to be perceived as cool. Even more susceptible, though, are the many people who use drugs in order to cope with unpleasant emotions and the difficulties of life. They see drug usage as a way to escape their problems, but in all reality, the use of drugs does nothing but make their problems worse or even create new ones. Whether it be for the thrill or distraction, one thing is clear: no one plans on being a drug addict; it takes time. A person will start using the drug of his or her choice for a temporary fix, and before long, they are using more and more of that drug as well as experimenting with different types of other drugs. So, by the time they realize they have a problem, the user has lost his or her ability to control the drug use; they can’t quit. If a person using drugs wants to stop, but can’t, addiction has to be more than just a habit. I will need to do more research, but in this portion of my paper I would like to explain the journey that drugs take through the body. This way, I can convince the readers that drug addiction is more than a habit, and can be considered a brain disease. I will use the information I gained in my psychology class in college where we spent a lot of time going over the science side of addiction and what it does to the brain. It allowed me to see addiction as a brain disease rather than a compulsive habit and that helped me deal with the loss of my friends. I will explain the way that prescription pain killers mimic the endorphins, the body’s natural â€Å"feel-good† chemical and how the brain will eventually become tolerant to the â€Å"fake† endorphins and depend more and more on pain killers to keep from experiences withdrawal symptoms. Nowadays, it seems like there is a pill for everything. The media tries to convince consumers that they need a pill to cure ailments they didn’t even know they had. Also, doctors have been irresponsible when it comes to prescribing habit forming drugs, especially to young adults. I have a friend, Brandon, whose leg was run over by a tractor when he was eighteen years old. The doctor prescribed him an extremely high dosage of pain killers and before he knew it, he had developed a high tolerance for them. Once his leg was healed, he wanted to stop taking the pain killers, but his body went through a state of withdrawal. He wanted to stop taking the pills so bad that he checked himself into rehab. However, in order to get off of the pain killers, the doctors put him on methadone; a pill prescribed to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs. Methadone may help relieve withdrawal symptoms from opiates, but is habit forming also, which means it will pose withdrawal symptoms when the patient tries to quit taking it as well. When trying to stop taking methadone, Brandon experienced nausea, vomiting, twitching, shaking, sweating, and blackouts. He couldn’t sleep or eat for days. If these symptoms were advertised, instead of the euphoria they show young adults now, there would be less dependency on prescription drugs. Drug addiction is a disabling disease and can ruin a person’s life. By taking drugs, a person’s brain becomes â€Å"rewired† to tolerate high amounts of dopamine neurotransmitters, but once those high amounts of dopamine cease to exist, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms. Whether you call it a habit or disease, either way it is a problem that needs to be dealt with. Drug addiction is not just a problem for young adults between the ages of 18 to 25; it is a problem with children at age 12, all the way to senior citizens. I believe if children are able to see drug addiction as a disease, then maybe, just maybe, they will be able to make the right decision regarding the beginning use of prescription drugs.

Film Review Dracula By Bram Stoker Essay - 1789 Words

Whenever a novel is published, there usually is a movie to follow, but one may wonder why they are so different. Some believe filmmakers make changes in order to shorten the book into a movie. Trying to keep the film watchers engaged, there are many ways to change a novel into a completely different story, whether it has to do with changing the roles of the main characters, scenes, theme, time period, or even the overall story. After reading the gothic book Dracula written by Bram Stoker in 1897, it is amazing how the storyline is similar to the 1931 horror film, Dracula directed by Browning, starring Bela Lugosi. However, they differ in many key characteristics confusing the audience. Although the Dracula novel and the film are similar in many aspects, the directors of the 1931 Dracula give different roles to the main characters, exclude major sexual content, and amplify the character of the Count to bring out the monstrosity in an attempt to better fit the time period. Throughout the 1931 film, Dracula the filmmakers change the roles of the main characters in Bram Stoker’s novel. After understanding the storyline of the book, one might be very confused when watching this film. The directors take the characters from Bram Stoker’s book and switch them around, giving the main roles to other individuals. One may say the filmmaker does this to prove the monstrosity of the Count in the 1931 film. As Reinfield leaves the castle he is all messed up and confused due to Dracula’sShow MoreRelatedFilm Review : Dracula By Bram Stoker Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to having to shortening the novel into movie. Trying to keep the film watchers engaged, there are many ways to change a novel into a completely different story, whether it has to do with changing the roles of the main characters, scenes, theme, time period, or even the overall story. After reading the gothic novel Dracula written by Bram Stoker in 1897, it is amazing how the storyline is similar to the 1931 horror film, Dracula directed by Browning, starring Bela Lugosi. However, they differ inRead MoreAbraham Stoker and Theater1231 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham (Bram) Stoker began his life bedridden, weak, and helpless. Stoker, third of seven children, was born in Clontarf, a suburb of Dublin, on November 8, 1847 (Whitelaw 9). His parents were Abraham Stoker, from Dublin, and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley, who was raised in County Sligo (â€Å"Bram Stoker†). He spent most of his early childhood laying in bed, watching his brothers and sisters play outside through a dusty old window. â€Å"As a child, he wondered if he would get sicker--if he would endRead MoreAbraham Bram Stoker: A Brief Biography705 Words   |  3 PagesAbraham Bram Stoker, born in Dublin on November 8, 1847, was an Irish novelist, theatre critic and short story writer. As a child, Stoker was often ill and he spent most of his time in bed. His mother, who was as a charity worker a nd a writer, told him horror stories that, most likely, had influenced his later writings. The ones he found most interesting were the stories about the cholera epidemic in 1832, which killed thousands of people in Europe and North America. In 1864, Stoker enrolled at theRead MoreEssay about Bram Stoker1449 Words   |  6 PagesBram Stoker Bram Stoker unleashed his horrific creation on an unsuspecting world over one hundred years ago. One could hardly imagine that his creature of the night would delight and inhabit the nightmares of every generation between his and ours. Count Dracula has become an icon of evil, and is perhaps the most widely recognized bogeyman in all of world literature. To date, there have been over one hundred films made about Dracula or other assorted vampires, not to mention countless novelsRead MoreBram Stoker : Father Of All Vampires1786 Words   |  8 PagesEric Ruiz Mrs. Cahill English 5/7/2017 Bram Stoker: Father of All Vampires There are a lot of new horror movies coming soon to theatres this 2017, and they have tons of hype building up from people all over the world. There was also a recent social media phenomenon that took place where random people would roam the streets in the dark, dressed as evil clowns, only to terrify and spook the public. The popularity of the horror genre is only increasing and advancing as the years go by, but who wereRead MoreHow Dracula Is The Most Famous Literary Vampire1658 Words   |  7 Pages An Immortal Soul: Why Dracula is the Most Famous Literary Vampire The title character and antagonist of Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula is an easily recognizable character in the Western canon. Without ever reading the book or watching any of the countless movie adaptations, people will craft vampire characters with feelings and behaviors nearly identical to those of Dracula. However, Dracula’s success is not because it was the first novel of its kind. Vampiric literature had been around forRead MoreSubverted 19th Century Traditional Social Mores and Norms in Dracula1059 Words   |  5 PagesMores and Norms in Dracula Bram Stoker’s Dracula remains one of the more recognizable novels of its genre despite being published in 1897. A classic horror story which has been retold and produced over and over again since its original publication, Dracula was especially disturbing when it originally was released because of how Stoker attacks Victorian era social mores and norms throughout the entire novel. Stoker subverts traditional 19th Century social mores and norms in Dracula through the portrayalRead MoreComparing Bram Stoker’s Dracula and the 1972 Film Blacula Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesBram Stoker’s Dracula is not only a classic story of men and monsters, but a dramatic reactionary work to the perceived threats to Victorian society in nineteenth century England. In modern times there have been many film adaptations of the novel, each developing a unique analysis or criticism of the literary text within the framework of the society and time period in which it was created. T he 1972 film Blacula is one of the most culturally specific variations on the story of Dracula, and highlightsRead MoreBram Stokers Dracula: A Variation of a Classic Work in Modern Time1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath of his one true love, as he chose to become the undead. Director, Francis Ford Coppola, in his work, â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula†, reaches beyond the words to prove Dracula was more than a monster in creating the movie. Coppola focuses on Dracula as a man, as well as a knight, who is both deeply in love with his church and his bride. The historical elements in the writings of Bram Stoker come to life more so in Coppola’s work with the movie, than in the book. My goal of this paper is to prove howRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Modern Vampires on Society1980 Words   |  8 Pagesbought the first book because I was wondering why this genre is so famous. I was surprised and I continued reading. Then I researched further. I was a kind of skeptical, b ut also addicted reader. Finally, I made a conclusion that Bram Stoker, the author of the novel â€Å"Dracula† is certainly turning over in his grave. After I got used to the fact that in this century vampires in literature are vegetarians, spark in the sunlight, all of them are attractive creatures with a 17-year-old body, but with a 104

Australian Airline Industry Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Airline Industry Literature Review. Answer: Literature Review Performance of Australian Airline Industry Research Hypothesis 1: Australian Airline Industry Performed well over the Global Peers in Last few years Australian airlines have been doing great work in the industry of global airlines. Most of the companies in the region are flying on profitable routes. Passenger volumes are pretty high and the companies are known for the kind of service they provide. So in the period when global airlines revenue declined 5.0% in 2015 and is expected to fall another 2.6% to $709.0 billion in 2016, the revenues in Australian airline industry has rose by 18%. Overall, revenue is anticipated to grow at an annualized 12.6% over the five years to 2016. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain exten t, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed literature review we will focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. According to Leo Seaton, the joint venture between the Australian and Singapore airlines is being defined in the article. Both of the airlines help in generating profit for their country as well as for their airlines. For developing an overseas subsidiary, it is essential to identify the environment and economic aspects of the different country in order to identify suitable profit and loss generated in the business. In this article, the specific listing of well defined airlines is being identified. The major types of airlines are the Qantas, Alliance, Jet star, Virgin and many other airlines and these airlines are expanding their subsidiaries in an overseas market (Seaton, 2014). The author also specifies that the merger is performed between the two countries for the specif ic airlines and the merger cost is about A$12 million. In this article, the positive perspectives related to the joint ventures are highlighted which may help in increasing the annual amount by nearly 14.4 percent. It is also observed that the market of Singapore will grow between A$ 2.3 Billion to A$2.8 Billion by the year 2020. This intimates the suitable growth of the Australian airlines in the coming years (Times, 2016). Qantas Airways and its Partnerships Research Hypothesis 2: Local Australian Airline Players have not been able to Foster International Partnerships According to the article defined by CAPA, it is identified that specifically the Qantas airlines is successful in developing economic perspectives by coordinating with the Emirates airlines. The Qantas airlines are considered as the most progressive airlines and assists in defining the most developed aspects. The article shows that by collaborating with the Emirates, the issues related to the quality, performance and other aspects have improved initially (CAPA, 2016). In the article, it is also recommended that the unusual rules and policies of the Qantas airlines have also been removed, by which the chances of growth may also elaborate simultaneously. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The Australian industry is known as one of the most advanced and progressive airline industry in the world. The companies in the industry offers its customers wide range of services both in Australia and the other global region where it operates. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. What are the Concerns which are Ailing the Industry? Research Hypothesis 3: Australian airline industry is facing some major operational concerns in international markets The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA Data IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. IATA estimates the average industry profit margin will reach 8.8% in 2016, largely due to a drastic decline in oil prices. In order to maintain margins in a competitive Australian industry, airlines have resorted to increased automation such as self-check-in, online check-in and online seat selection. Such measures have been fruitful in restricting employment growth in this industry to a mere 0.6% annualized rate over the past five years. The industry is expected to employ 2.1 million workers in 2016. As the industry entered a mature phase in its life cycle in the United States, merger and acquisition activity increased substantially. Other than the important deals mentioned above, Southwest Airlines also merged with AirTran. As the Australian Airlines industry starts to transition to a mature phase, it is expected to go through a similar transition phase, signs of which became apparent over the past five years with a large decline in the number of companies operating in this industry. IATA expects the trend in industry consolidation to continue over the five years to 2021. To that end, the number of industry enterprises is expected to decline an annualized 5.0% to 1,251 companies. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not bee n able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Summary of annual RPT activity YESep 2015 YESep 2016 Growth Total passengers carried 57.33 million 58.69 million 2.4 % Revenue passenger kilometres 67.62 billion 69.09 billion 2.2 % Available seats 76.62 million 77.23 million 0.8 % Available seat kilometres 88.45 billion 88.93 billion 0.5 % Load factor 76.5 % 77.7 % 1.2* Aircraft trips 633.8 (000s) 638.1 (000s) 0.7 % The price of oil is expected to remain low compared to its levels in 2013 and 2014, which is expected to sustain the high level of profit margins enjoyed by industry operators in 2015 and 2016. IATA expects profit to account for 8.5% of revenue in 2021 as greater consolidation eases some price competition while cost-cutting improves efficiency. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Ailing Finances Globally, not seen in Australian Airlines Research Hypothesis 4: Australian Airline Industry is ahead on Financial Point of view compared to its Global Peers The average industry operating profit margin, measured as earnings before interest and taxes, has recovered over the past five years after being severely diminished during the Australian recession when a worldwide contraction in flying activity and high fuel costs put extreme pressure on margins. During this time, a number of airlines operated at a loss and were forced out of business or had to merge with other airlines. Typically, airlines in developed markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, are exposed to slimmer profit margins, as their markets are mature and competition is strong. Profit in regions with less competition and growing demand for flying, such as Asia, have higher average margins. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The research question focusses on how it can be imperative for companies globally to merge together and serve as major entity. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Conclusion We have seen how companies need to combine globally to achieve the same efficiency as they have achieved in their local markets. It has been recently that organizations are increasingly focusing on cleaning up operations so that all major hurdles can be avoided. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain extent, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed litera ture review we have focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. References: Bricki, N. Green, J., 2016. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology, Available at: https://fieldresearch.msf.org//msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research%20methodology.pdf CAPA, 2016. Is Qantas and Australias aviation system in meltdown? No, but challenges are all around, Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/is-qantas-and-australias-aviation-system-in-meltdown-no-but-challenges-are-all-around-142638 IATA, 2012. The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, Available at: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Economics%20of%20JVs_Jan2012L.pdf Kain, J. Webb, R., 2003. Turbulent Times:Australian Airline Industry Issues, Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10 Peersman, G., 2010. Overview: Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Impact Evaluation: UNICEF, Available at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/brief_10_data_collection_analysis_eng.pdf Seaton, L., 2014. Tourism Australia deepens tourism ties with Singapore Airlines, Available at: https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/media-releases/Media-releases-Tourism-Australia-Singapore-Airlines.aspx Stylianou, A., 2016. Content Analysis: Qualitative or Quantitative research approach?, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Content_Analysis_Qualitative_or_Quantitative_research_approach Times, L. A., 2016. Australian Airlines News, Available at: https://articles.latimes.com/keyword/australian-airlines

International Business Entry Strategy

Executive summary Greener is a multinational corporation in the Argentina specializing in timber production. The company intends to enter the North American market to enhance their global trade. This article discusses the international entry strategies that can be employed by the company in order to enhance their chances of success.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Business Entry Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the paper discusses the reason for entry in the different market and how management deals with the different cultural practices of the new country. The paper also observes the organizational systems and the controls that the company may adopt to succeed in the new market. Lastly, there is comprehensive discussion on how the company may use the technology adopted from the new market to enhance trading activities in their country of origin. Background of the Study With t he increased competition and saturations in the domestic markets, it has become inevitable for companies to increase their market share by going global. For the companies to ensure that they survive, increase their income and grow, they are forced to exploit and find opportunities in newer environments. However the process of invading, penetrating and the coming up with an internationally acceptable product is a tedious activity. A company entering into a new market faces a variety of challenges since it lacks a lot of the basic requirements that enhance success. With no basic infrastructure such as marketing structure, organizational structure, organizational control and no prior knowledge of the new market the efforts required to penetrate are similar those observed in the early entrants. Pan and Tse (2000) intimated that the entry of a firm into a new market is similar to an early entry strategy in a business. Greeners Company is faced with similar challenges when choosing to ent er the market in CanadaAdvertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Companies choose to enter the global market due to a variety of reasons. Usually the principle reason for seeking new markets is the observation that indicates there is demand in the new market. Besides this fact, companies may choose to enter the global market scene in a move to unsettle its competitors who have entered into such a market recently. This move is usually made in order to disallow the competitor a chance to gain significant merit by trading alone in the new market (Brouthers and Brouthers, 2000; Singh, 1995). It is becoming a practice of corporations to enter new markets in order to learn from the different business culture. Learning process can be induced through partnering with local distributors also referred to as joint ventures or establishing wholly owned ventures. Researchers have found that l earning through partnerships is usually ineffective and tedious means of acquiring information (Aulakh et al., 2000; Kostova and Roth, 2002; Kuada and Sorensen, 2000). Moreover, it does not contribute the process of a company establishing itself as a viable global competitor. Apart from the reasons mentioned above companies may choose to penetrate into the foreign markets in order to gain the advantage of receiving government aid. Some governments offer incentives to companies that export in order to boost countries exports. This incentive may act as a source of drive to companies and lead to them entering international market (Fisman, 2001; Doh, 2000). Companies employ a variety of methods and strategies to enter into new markets. Among the strategies used is a pattern known as ‘increasing commitment’ (Souvik, 2006). This pattern is used by companies to reduce the risk involved in entering a new market. Under this strategy, the company starts by exporting a negligible amount of its products to the target company. Thereafter, the company may employ the services of a local distributor to enhance their knowledge of the market. After gaining sufficient knowledge of the prevailing market conditions the company may start operating a directly controlled branch since it can compete more or less equally with the other businesses in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Business Entry Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Choice of modes of market entry strategy is generally determined by the degree of risk, amount of control required, costs and the amount of returns that a company expects from the new market (Dow, 2000; Davis et al., 2000). Companies that adopt a low profile entry strategy usually minimize their risks. These companies are not burdened with task of establishing offices. Moreover, they have no responsibility of investing in distribution in frastructure, extensive staff recruitment and marketing campaigns. However, such companies will also have very little knowledge on most elements that are in existence in the market where they are operating (Eden and Miller, 2004). Information such as the market share that they command, information on consumer behavior and information on prevailing prices will generally be missing in the database of such companies. On the other hand, companies that choose a high profile entry strategy are faced with the problem of exposing themselves to high intensity of risk (Souvik, 2006). However, these companies have greater control of the information flow. Information on matters pertaining to consumer behavior, prevailing price levels, and the market share will be available for companies that choose high profile market entry strategy (Souvik, 2006). Companies choose their market entry strategy depending on the amount of risk they can handle. Companies that have a low propensity to handle risk wi ll choose the low profile entry strategy while companies with a high propensity to handle risk may decide on either of the two strategies depending on company policies and governance. Risk is one of the factors that determine market entry strategy. However, firms experience risks in various forms (Salas-Porras, 1998). This paper concentrates on the role played by financial and marketing risks in choosing a market entry strategy. Most entities have the sole objective of maximizing profits. Therefore, the financial risk involved while entering a new market is one of the major considerations that companies observe. Low profile entry minimizes the financial risks involved when entering a new market. However, in such a case the marketing risk increases since the parent company has no direct control over the subsidiary.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to beat the marketing risks companies have to be able to handle the financial risks presented by the market. Therefore, most companies that are not well equipped to handle the financial risks choose to ignore the market risks when entering via low profile market entry strategy (Hunt, 2000; Scott, 1999). The general assumption among multinational corporations is that market entry strategies that served their purpose previously in one market may be equally good in another market. The strategies used by these corporations are usually for the purpose of enhancing their competitiveness by ensuring that the brand name, their suppliers and managers are well recognized in the market. However, these strategies ignore the fundamental principles of marketing (Schlossberg and Deford, 1992). Each market is unique on its own way according to the principles of marketing. Therefore, to penetrate a new market, companies need to study the uniqueness of the market. This will enable the compan ies to identify the requirements that will lead to success. Simple economics require companies to adapt their commodities to meet the market demands and conditions. Multinational corporations that are more experienced in penetrating new markets devise means of adapting to the local market conditions. This achieved by coming up with new brands, new packaging methods, and new distribution channels (Souvik, 2006). Brief Background of the Company Greeners Limited is a multinational company specialized in logging. The company is located in Mexico City and operates several wholly owned subsidiary companies in Malaysia. The main activities in the subsidiary sawmills involves converting raw tree logs into high quality building grade timber to sell in the Malaysian market. Greeeners Limited releases timber products that are standardized in order to meet the market demands of the countries it is operating. Each country has its own standards. Greeners Producer Limited has been operational for the last fifteen years with the subsidiary companies in Malaysia being operational for the last five years. Throughout this time, the company has been working effectively and efficiently by ensuring it incurred minimum operational costs to achieve maximum output. To support the general activities in the company, Greeners has adopted a general organizational structure that is composed of a general manager who controls all the operations of the company including the subsidiaries. Under the general managers are the junior managers who head the subsidiary companies within Mexico and those outside Mexico. All the subsidiary companies are divided into four major departments: logging, production, packaging, and shipping and maintenance. Most of the timber products from the company are sold within the market of production and aggressive marketing is unnecessary due to the small difference in timber products. The company’s major objective is to become a leading producer of timber prod ucts in the world. Moreover, the company intends to maximize its profits by minimizing operational costs and achieving maximum outputs. Therefore, the directors and managers of the company are usually under pressure to exploit opportunities in new markets. With this in mind, the company is looking for options in different countries where it can expand its market and global power. Market entry strategies and risks involved For market entry strategy, Greeners Limited may choose either of the modes of entry (low profile entry or high profile entry). The low profile entry may be used to avoid financial risks. Since Greener Producer Limited originates from a Latin American country, the cultural business practices are different from those that operate in Canada (Dominguez and Brenes, 1997). A direct entry into the market may be risky for the company. Therefore, to achieve their goal of getting a fully owned subsidiary without risking much of their finances the company may start by using f oreign direct investment in a saw mill in Canada (Grosse and Trevino, 1996). Once it is able to grasp sufficient knowledge of the Canadian industry, then the directors can move to fully own the business entity. Another method of entry into the Canadian market may be by the high profile direct entry. The company can choose to invest fully into the market in Canada and experience the market forces first hand. However, entering the market via high profile entry requires a lot of commitment from the parent company. This is because the company may face a variety of challenges. Example of challenges facing a multinational that tries to penetrate a new market includes: The challenge of choosing a location Cultural challenge Organizational structure Technological challenges. Therefore, a multinational that chooses to use high profile entry strategy has to consider these challenges in order to survive the market. Factors Leading To Choice of Country Recently the management of Greeners Limi ted has detected an opportunity to increase their global market share by penetrating the Canadian market. The major reason for the company’s decision behind investing in Canada is the availability of timber and ready market for timber products. The Canadian economy depends on its forests (Dufour, n.d.). The forest covers an approximate of 418 million hectares that has been approximated to be 45% of the total area of Canada (Dufour, n.d.). This is approximately 10% of the world’s forest cover. The forest products earning in Canada exceed the amount of earnings generated by agriculture, automotive, and fishing industry. Canada’s lumber industry has experienced stability in the prices and production after the world’s recession (John, 2008). Despite the fact that the lumber prices are still a bit lower than those in the previous prices before recession, these prices represent a significant increase in prices. Therefore, the timber companies in Canada and the rest of the world are bullish about the prices of timber. These factors combined with the fact that the Canadian lumber sectors have undergone restructuring presents an attractive prospect for Greeners Limited to enter into the market. However, while entering a new market a company requires a convenient location to set up their subsidiary. The best choice of a location is dependent on various factors. The most important factor to consider is the nature of business. Business entities should ask themselves questions such as What are the company objectives? What are the market demands? Is labor available at the location? is power/energy available? With these questions in mind then the business entity is ready to choose a location. The best location for a timber processing company is near the source of raw material. This is because timber is a bulky product and transporting it over long distances may lead to incurring a lot of costs. When considering the second question about the mark et demands the company should consider the needs of their customers. In some industries the customers come to the business to collect the products while in some businesses it is the responsibility of the producers to supply the goods. In cases where the customers come to the producer then the location of the producers can be located where they can minimize their costs. Availability of labor is also an important factor in determining the location of a business. A business entity is usually located in areas where the company can obtain labor cheaply and conveniently. The prime objective of the organization being to minimize costs while having maximum output, the company should find a location that suits their goal. The location should be easily accessible and close enough the source of timber to minimize transport costs. A good location to locate a mill in Canada would be Highland East Ontario. This location is ideal since it was once a mining community (HECP, 2011). This means that t he area has enough labor to enhance the process of logging. Moreover, a highway passes close to the area (HECP, 2011). This means that the means of transporting the logs from and to the market is available. The area is also close to the area where the logging activities take place is therefore an ideal place where costs of logging process and labor can be minimized. Cultural challenges Canada and Mexico are two countries with different business cultural practices. According to Doh et al. (2003), the Latin American business culture is affected by corruption. This is unlike the Canadian market where corruption may be considered negligible. Therefore, when management of Greeners Limited attempts to enter the Canadian market, the differences in business cultural practices may be a major barrier. Whereas in Mexico and Malaysia corruption is high and multinational exploit the resources without consideration of the people (Adeola, 2001; Chandler and Werther, 2006). A good example is the ca se of Malaysia Penan tribe of Borneo rainforest. This tribe faces major social challenges due to invasion of the forest by the government and multinational corporations. Corruption by the government and the multinationals is rampant and affects the indigenous people. Taking a multinational companies operating under these conditions, like Greeners Limited, and incorporating them into the Canadian market, they tend to find operations difficult. Another cultural barrier that Greeners limited may experience is the difference in language. While Canada is an English speaking country, Mexicans speak Spanish. Therefore, the difference in language may pose a challenge to the parent company. Therefore, in order for Greeners Limited to penetrate the Canadian market, the company needs to overcome these cultural barriers. The best way of overcoming the issues on corruption is by strictly adhering to the rules set by the Canadian government and regulations set by the forest authorities in Canada. On issues to do with language barrier, the company may use the force from within Canada and avoid outsourcing. Moreover, their general managers can undergo training to ensure that they are well versed in English language. This enhances the process of communication between the parent company in Mexico and the subsidiary in Canada. Organizational Structure and technological Challenges When a multinational company enters into a new market, the organizational structure and control structures are bound to change (PRS, 2004). A company in a new market is faced by new challenges that require new ways to manage them. Experienced multinational corporations employ a small degree of change to their structure in order to adapt to the new markets. Canadian lumbering industry, for instance, has adopted new structure to enhance the demand of their timber product. Unlike in Malaysia and Mexico where the marketing is not needed Canada has high competition among companies (Dufour, n.d.). Their timbe r products are differentiated by the packaging methods and the technology employed in processing. The higher the quality of technology used the higher the quality of the timber products. Therefore, for Greeners Limited to maintain the quality of production and the degree of competitiveness, it must adopt the technology used by the companies in Canada. These technologies can be exported back to the other subsidiaries and the parent company to ensure that the company can meet its objective of becoming a world leader in timber production. Moreover, Greeners Limited needs to change its organizational structure and incorporate a marketing department that is highly efficient. This would ensure that the company competes with the other companies in Canadian market. Apart from these two factors, Greeners Limited is required to incorporate new control systems in their company structure. Controls ensure that the company assets are safeguarded. Moreover, controls ensure that the company can kee p track of its labor force. Lastly, controls ensure that employee adherence to management policies. Choosing the time of entry Another challenge that faces Greeners Limited is the time of entry. Choices on time of entry into a market are affected by several key factors (Rodger, 1999). To analyze the most suitable time of entry, directors of Greeners may use the PESTLE model. This model will enable the company to comprehensively determine a precise time to entry enter into the Canadian market. This model involves six important factors that may interfere with the time of entry, analyses them and provides the means of determining the time of entry. To choose a comprehensive time of entry, Greeners Limited must gain knowledge on the political situation in Canada. Factors, such as the foreign policy between Canada and other countries, are usually determined on a political basis. Moreover, the degree of government intervention in the markets may also be influenced by politics. Therefore, the most suitable time for Greeners to enter the Canadian market would be during the time when the political environment were calm and could accommodate a new entrant from different markets and countries. Since Canada is highly democratic and the country is not at war, Greeners may enter the market at any time. Economic factors are also important in determining Greeners’ time of entry. Factors, such as the market interest rates, inflation and rates of exchange, may influence the time of entry as well. It is advisable for Greeners Limited to consider these factors before the company starts trading in a new market. Higher interest rates reduce the level of investment; inflation, on the other hand, induces higher wages, thus the rate of exchange may affect the levels of profits (Rodger, 1999). Taking these into account, Greeners will be able to enter the market at a time when those factors do not greatly interfere with the company’s profits. Social factors include tribes and social groups that segregate humans interfere with the market trends (Rodger, 1999). It is important to observe the social factors before entering a new business environment. This is because social structure determines the buying habit of consumers. To maximize their profits, Greeners is supposed to enter the market after doing a thorough research on the society it is going to run business with. Therefore, Greeners Limited may only ether the market at a time when the company has sufficient knowledge on the society it is going to trade with. To choose a suitable time of entry, Greeners is supposed to observe the technology advances in Canada. Thereafter, it must incorporate this technology into its production process. This will enable the company to compete with the other sawmills in Canada. Therefore, Greeners Limited can only enter into the Canadian market after adopting all the necessary technology. In the lumbering business, environmental factors play a major role in determin ing the time of entry. This is because the growth of trees is highly dependent on the climate, and weather conditions. Moreover, the ease of timber is dependent on the weather. Therefore, in case Greeners Limited wants to enter the Canadian market, the company should avoid the winter season. Legal reasons also play a major role in determining the time of market entry. A company may begin trading only if it acquires all the legal documents that allow it to trade in a given market. Similarly, Greeners must obtain all the legal documents required in Canada to begin trading. Therefore, after taking all these factors into consideration, Greener Limited can decide to enter the market in a period of one year after scouting the market and ensuring it fulfills all the requirements that will enable the company to trade. Recommendations As discussed above, Greeners Limited is required to choose a location that will meet its objective of cutting costs. Preferably, Highland East Ontario, this is because this region posses all the characteristics of a good location for setting a business. On the case of cultural issues, the company should find a means of adhering to the laws and business culture in the Canadian markets. Adoption of technology to enhance the activities of the multinational is a recommendation to management of Greeners Limited. In addition to this, the company ought to adopt new organizational structures and new control systems to enhance its activities in the global market. Conclusion The strategy used by a multinational corporation in entering a new market is crucial for its survival in the market. High profile entrants tend to expose their companies to financial risks while low profile entrants expose their companies to market risk. Therefore, before entering new markets multinational ought to consider the cultural barriers, technological barriers, and environmental barriers such as location. References Adeola, F O 2001, ‘Environmental injustice and human rights abuse: the states, mncs, and repression of minority groups in the world system’ Human Ecology Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 39-55 Aulakh, P S, Kotabe, M and Teegen, H 2000, ‘Export strategies and performance of firms from emerging economies: evidence from Brazil, Chile and Mexico’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 342-61. Brouthers, K D and Brouthers, L 2000, ‘Acquisition of Green-Field Start-Up? Institutional Cultural and Transaction Cost Influences’, Strategic management journal, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 89-97 Chandler, D A and Werther, W B 2006, Strategic corporate social re ­sponsibility. Sage: New York Davis, P S, Desai, A and Francis, J 2000, ‘Mode of international entry: An isomorphism perspective’, Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 31, No.2, pp. 239–258. Doh, J P 2000, ‘Entrepreneurial Privatization Strategies: Order of Entry and Local Partner Collaboration as Sources of Competiti ve Advantage’, Academic Management Review. Vol.253, pp. 551–571. Doh, J P, Rodriguez, K. Uhlenbruck, J. Collins, and L. Eden M 2003, ‘Coping with corruption in foreign markets’, Academic Management Executive, Vol. 17, No.3, pp. 114–127. Dominguez, L V and Brenes, W 1997, ‘The internationalization of Latin American enterprises and market liberalization in the Americas: a vital linkage’, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 38, No.1, pp.3-16 Dow, D 2000, ‘A Note on Psychological Distance and Export Market Selection’, Journal of International Marketing, Vol.8, No.1, 51-64. Dufour, D n.d. ‘The Lumber Industry: Crucial Contribution to Canada’s Prosperity’. Manufacturing, Construction and Energy Division, pp. 1-7 Eden, L, and Miller, S 2004, ‘Distance matters: Liability of foreignness, institutional distance and ownership strategy. M. A. Hitt, J. L. C. Cheng, eds’, The Evolving Theory of the Multina tional Firm. Advances in International Management, Vol.16, pp. 187–221. Fisman, R 2001, ‘Estimating the value of political connections’, America Economic Review, Vol.91, No.4, pp. 1095–1102. Grosse, R and Trevino, L 1996, ‘Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: An Analysis by Country of Origin’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.27 No. 1, pp. 139-55. HECP 2011 Census of population: Statistics Canada. Viewed on www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp -pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=EGeo1=CSDCode1=3546005Geo2=CDCode2=3546Data=CountSearchText=HighlandsSearchType=ContainsSearchPR=01B1=AllCustom=TABID=1 Hunt, S H 2000, A General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA John, C 2008, ‘Contemporary practice of United States relating to international law: United States and Canada arbitrate a softwood lumber dispute in London court of arbitrationâ €™. Journal of international law, pp.102-109 Kostova, T and Roth, K 2002, ‘Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects’, Academic Management Journal, Vol.45, No.1, pp. 215–233. Kuada, J and Sorensen, O 2000, Internationalization of Companies from Developing Countries, International Business Press: Binghamton, NY Pan, Y and Tse, D 2000, ‘The Hierarchical Model of Market Entry Modes’, Journal of International Business Studies Vol.31, No.4, pp. 535-554. Political Risk Services (PRS) 2004, International Country Risk Guide: A Business Guide to Political Risk. The PRS Group, Inc: East Syracuse, NJ Preston, L. 2011, ‘Patience Is a Virtue for Canada’s Lumber Sector’, Observation Td Economics, pp. 416 -983 Rogers, J 1999 Facilitating Groups Management Futures Ltd: London. Salas-Porras, A 1998, ‘The Strategies Pursued by Mexican Firms in Their Efforts t o Become Global Players’, CEPAL Review, Vol.65, pp.133-53. Schlossberg, H and Deford, G 1992, ‘Blast Media, Ponder Society’s Priorities’, Marketing News, Vol.26, No. 12, 6-7. Scott, F M 1999, ‘Entry Decisions in the Generic Pharmaceutical Industry’, Rand Journal of Economics, (30), 421-40. This assessment on International Business Entry Strategy was written and submitted by user Eli Reyes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Life and Works of Maya Angelou free essay sample

A discussion of Maya Angelous life, talent and contribution to the black community. This paper focuses on the life and works of Maya Angelou, one of the greatest African-American literary figures in the United States. This multi-talented woman has had a major impact on the black community because of her active participation in the civil rights movement. Maya Angelou is an award winning writer, poet, historian, playwright, producer, and director and in short she is an amalgamation pf many talents, which are all, related to art. This amazingly writer has influenced the lives of millions of her readers because of her strong spiritual beliefs and an inner strength that she displays in her stories and other work. She has also actively participated in the civil rights movement because she feels that black still d not have equal rights in the United States; she has thus inspired many black men and women to achieve more by emulating her. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life and Works of Maya Angelou or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She has written some autobiographies which are very famous among the public because of their emotional content as they come form the very core of the authors heart, these include All Gods Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986), The Heart of a Woman (1981), Singin and Swingin and Gettin Merry Like Christmas (1976), Gather Together in My Name (1974), and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), which was also nominated for the National Book Award and has been one of her most widely read works.

Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds

Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan is a short story about a mother and her daughter who have different views on various issues in life. The story is about a young girl’s (named Jing-mei) refusal to her mother’s persistent urge to make her experience the American dream, which is the hope of most immigrants.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mother in the story held the opinion that her daughter was intelligent and thus attempted all means to ensure that the daughter became a music prodigy; however, the daughter turned her efforts down through taking advantage of her deaf music teacher and failed to do enough practice to perfect her skills in music. A literary analysis of the short story reveals that is an excellent work of literature. The story, which is in the genre of conformity and rebellion, is the last of Tan’s loose collection of interrelated stories in his first successful novel The Joy Luck Club. As hinted above, the story illustrates a conflict between two well-articulated positions wherein a rebel, on principle, meets head-on and fights against an established authority. The main theme of the story is about the complicated relationships that exist between mothers and daughters in the contemporary society. Specifically, the author intended to depict the complexities that exist between the Chinese mothers who hold to traditional principles and their American-born daughters who are in a dilemma either to fulfill the dictates of their Chinese tradition or to pursue the supposedly ‘good life’ in the United States. To depict successfully the issue of supremacy and authority on the mother’s side and conformity and toughness on Jing-mei’s part, the author used the tone of rebellion and dissatisfaction.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The diverse life experiences, diverse approaches towards life, and diverse expectations in the story resulted in the tension between the mother and the daughter in the story; nonetheless, after the mother’s demise, the tone of the story changed to belated insight and remorse when the daughter realized the meaning of her mother’s assertion of â€Å"two kinds of daughters† in her. In the story, the author constructed the mother daughter dynamic with the story’s protagonist, the young girl, having a round character. The protagonist in the story appears to be a complicated character as she has both inner and outside clashed all through the entire story. On the other hand, the mother seems to be a bit controlling since she is the mother, an established center of authority, particularly in matriarchal Chinese society. The author used variou s techniques to depict the setting of the story. The phrase, â€Å"The TV was old and the sound kept shouting out† (Tan, para.12) depicts the economic status of the family. The majority of both temporal and social conditions are illustrated by means of the narration and description for the series of the events in the story such as the mother having come to the United States in 1949 and the use of reference of the names Shirley Temple and The Ed Sullivan Show. Lastly, to increase the attention of the audience on the progress of the story, Tan used the narrator’s point of view. As the story’s main character, Jing Mei is also an omniscient narrator and she gives an account that is totally from her point of view. Even though she does not know what her mother thinks, she gives a compelling portrayal of the dealings of her mother.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tan, Amy. â€Å"Two Kinds.† Angelfire.com. Angel Fire, n.d. Web. angelfire.lycos.com/

Criminal justice and the crime problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal justice and the crime problem - Essay Example Under the first grouping, individuals may commit crimes under direct influence of drugs. This could be violent or non-violent means of gaining goods or money. Often compulsive drug users commit crimes to buy more drugs for use, for themselves and groups. Further, drugs could be used to strengthen group relationships and to establish better member rapport. Dealing with drugs and drug taking through strong preventive and punitive measures could exacerbate the situation and lead to more complexities. Therefore, it is necessary that cases of individual committing crimes after taken drugs be established. It has been established beyond doubt that crime and drugs are interrelated since research has provide that â€Å"Criminals test positive for drug use (NEW-ADAM, Probation monitoring)† (Drugs and Crime: Criminal Justice and the criminal problem: Drugs cause crime: further evidence). However, it would be farfetched to suggest that drugs induce crimes. This because it is quite possible to carry out crimes without the use of drugs , or to use drugs without indulging in criminal activities, although using illicit drugs may be considered a type of crime. These types of crimes are carried out under influence of some psychoactive products, which could be induced through use of strong stimulants. These drug groups render the consumer aggressive and displaying high level of antisocial behaviour patterns that could culminate in to crimes, depending upon situational factors. It is also possible that the perpetrator may be in a state of mental disorientation and not having adequate control over mental faculties, or though processes while indulging in this type of drug induced crimes. Another aspect could be in terms of the fact that these drug groups could enhance performance under its influence. The economic factor underpins such drug induced crimes. Invariably, the person commits crimes to obtain funds to take care of his drug habits. His sponsors may pay him either

School bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

School bullying - Essay Example In the context of schools, it encompasses the uncalled for aggression directed towards the weaker students by the seemingly big and stronger students. In the recent past, there has been an increase in public reaction by the American concerning the question of bullying schools. This was occasioned by the fact that bullying traumatizing students to the extent where they would not wish to attend school any more. Therefore, it is prudent and imperative for the society as a whole to face and tackle the problem of bullying once and for all. There are different types of intimidation, harassment or bullying namely physical, emotional and verbal bullying. Physical bullying includes instances when the bully hit the other student, verbal bullying is when a person bad mouths another with the intention of hurting them (Einarsen et al, 9). Emotional bullying on its part is where the bully discriminates and marginalizes another person on the basis of any narrow societal definition such negative stereotypes, race amongst others. Conventionally, one would expect that students are the bullies against fellow students, however, the reality is a lot different. Parents and teachers are equally culpable of being bullies. At the long end, the younger person being bullied becomes hurt and would have a lower self-esteem since the people who are expected to offer solace turn out to be bullies themselves.

The Fashion Industry - Zara Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Fashion Industry - Zara - Coursework Example The paper "The Fashion Industry - Zara" will look into the marketing environment of Zara. The fashion industry is greatly effectually by the political variable that’s are present in different nations. According to Holmquist (2003), there is certain liberty when it comes to the quantity of material import related to the fashion industry. This is a positive approach for them, especially in the Euro zone. Zara creates very good social connections and is also involved in CSR activities that has helped Zara a good brand name in the global political environment. The government is involved in the changes that affects the environment at large. The fashion industry is rapidly changing with the several trends that keeps on changing from a day to day basis. However, they also involve a lot of environmental wastage (Allen, 2013). According to Allen (2013), that the per capita income or in other words the GDP is also an important decision making factor for the fashion industry. UK in this case, has a strong GDP and that is why all the companies are concentrating on entering the UK market. However, there are different market where many people also prefer to buy cheap apparels. The economy of Europe is rising gradually and that is why the future is bright for the fashion and retail industry especially because the rise in the disposable income in the general public, gives them the opportunity to buy the fashionable clothes to stay with the current trend of the market. From the point of view of the currency.

Drivers of Customer Loyalty and Firm Profitability Research

Drivers of Customer Loyalty and Firm Profitability Research Financial institutions perform a vital role in facilitating the aggregation and allocation of capital with the help of conveying individual savings in to loans to businesses, government and individuals. The role of banking division in the concentration and distribution of capital in Ghana can not be disputed. The recent credit crunch has left a deep impact over the performance of various banks all over the world. Thus, in order to survive in the long run, the institutions need to adopt competitive strategies. One and the most important of such strategies in the banking sector constitute customer loyalty to business which makes the banking businesses competent. In this paper, we will analyze the determinants of customer loyalty and their impact on the share market and firm profitability with the help of studying the customer relationship management (CRM) and contact management of Barclays Bank in Ghana. In the late seventies and early eighties, the state owned banks in Ghana dominated the formal banking system of the country as they had monopoly with respect to their spread and operations (Hinson and Hammond, 2006). However, the banking environment has now been evolved. According to Hinson and Hammond (2006; p.45), universal banking law has permitted all categories of banking to be performed under a single body for corporate banking which has greatly restructured the scopes of competency in various banking products in Ghana. Thus, the banking sector in Ghana has been brought in to the competitive arena which is based on the customers and products due to the reforms and deregulations. This infers that the management of the banks in Ghana should employ the strategies that provide customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, customer retention and thereby, increase firm profitability and market shares. 1.1 Service Quality Concept The European school of thought, vastly expressed by the work of Gronroos (1984), explains that the customers recognize service quality from two aspects which are: (1) the technical aspect of service and (2) the functional aspect of the service. Technical quality is determined by knowing if the customers expectations from the service are fulfilled or not. The functional quality is recognized through the customers perception about the service production and its delivery. According to Richard and Allaway (1993), both of these distinctions are correct and needed to define customers service quality analysis and loyalty behaviour. However, this concept does not consider the physical environment of the service. Thus, the American school of thought led by the work of Parasuraman et al., (1985, 1988) has been adopted in various studies which states that service quality is basically the difference between perception and expectation of the delivery of service. According to this model, service q uality has five dimensions on which customers judgement about perceived service quality is based. These dimensions are: Reliability: Performance assurance, accuracy and dependability of the service. Responsiveness: Will to help and provide prompt service to the customers. Assurance: Knowledge, courtesy and ability of the employees that ensures trust and confidence. Empathy: Care and special attention given to the customers. Tangibles: Outlook of the personnel, equipments and other physical facilities. These five dimensions will be measured through a scale called SERVQUAL comprising of 22 items. Service quality is operationalized according to the gap between perception and expectation (P-E). Thus, the SERVQUAL determines the gaps in the service delivery of a firm. SERVPERF is another service quality measure that has been developed by Cronin and Taylor (1992) considering that SERVQUAL was inadequate. According to them, performance and not perception minus expectation determines service quality by proving that expectations have almost no impact on the customers evaluation about service quality. Both of the SERVQUAL and SERVPERF conceptualizations have been incorporated in our research model for this study. Although, our research model includes P E, we measure service quality on the basis of perception only since expectation is insignificant (Cronin and Taylor 1992; Brady et al., 2002). However, the basics of Parasuraman et als., (1988) dimensions of service quality have been retaine d in our model. Moreover, the 22 items of these dimensions in our study are slightly modified according to relevancy. 7 point likert scale will be used to measure P. 1.2 Customer Loyalty Concept In our study, we have incorporated both attitudinal and behavioural concepts of customer loyalty. The following cues will be used to measure customer loyalty in the banking sector of Ghana. Word of Mouth: Recommendations made by the customers to their friends and family for using the services of the bank. Repeat Purchase: Repetition or consistency in making purchases by the customers for the banks products and services. Satisfaction: The level of pleasure or happiness of the customers with their banks services and products. 2. SERVICE QUALITY MODEL The Disconfirmation Paradigm (Parasuraman et al., 1985) allows service quality model to measure disparity between consumers perceptions and their expectations for the quality of service. Figure 1 given below represents the service quality model for the banking sector. This model illustrates that there are five gaps in delivering the quality service to the customers. These gaps are described below. Gap 1: This gap can be referred as Understanding as it depicts the difference between expectations of the customer and the management perceptions of the customers expectations. Gap2: This gap can be referred as Service Standards since it depicts the disparity between management perceptions of customer expectations and specifications of service quality. Gap 3: This gap can be referred as Service Performance as it illustrates the disparity between the service quality specifications and the actual service delivered to the customer. Gap 4: This gap can be referred as Communications since it shows the disparity between service delivery and external communication with the customer about the service. Gap 5: This gap can be referred as Service Quality as it depicts the disparity between customer expectation for the quality of the service and the customers perception about the performance of the firm. Gaps 1 till 4 impact the service delivery leading to Gap 5. Thus, these four gaps have a very strong influence over the gap 5. This study will focus on the potential discrepancies found in all the gaps. The managerial implications associated with these gaps must be assessed in order to formulate proper business strategies. These resultant strategies will then be properly implemented for closing the identified gaps found in the banking sector in Ghana and thereby, to improve service quality and profitability of concerned Bank. Word of Mouth Communication Personal Needs Past Experience Expected Service Perceived Service Gap 5 Service Delivery External Communications with Customers Gap 4 Translation of Perceptions in to Service Quality Specifications Management Perceptions of Costumer Expectations Gap 2 Gap 3 Gap 1 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT The gaps 1 to 4 impact the service delivery and are concerned with the management and service providers of the bank. Thus, the question arises, what variables or factors are responsible for creating these gaps or what is the lacking of the management that refrain them from delivering the quality service to the customers? As for Gap 5, the question arises which business strategies should be adopted to reduce the gaps and thereby, improve service quality and performance of the bank. 4. HYPOTHETICAL MODEL This paper is aimed towards finding loyalty drivers according to the viewpoint of the customers of the Ghanaian retail banking. This chapter of the paper will present a hypothetical model that will be used to determine the relationship among loyalty, loyalty drivers, banks profitability and market share. Figure 2 provided below represents the framework of our hypothetical model. The model presented in figure 2 below explains the service quality as perceived by the customer. This model has been premised on seminal model (SERVQUAL), Cronin and Taylor (1992; SERVPERF), Parasuraman et al., (1988) and Brady and Cronin (2001). The quality of service conceptualized by 2 pathways that are: (1) P-E representing the gap in between perception, P and expectation, E and (2) P that represents only perception as the conceptualization of expectation (E) is not important (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). Thus, perception is what is actually measured. Hence, the questionnaire in the survey will consist of a single set to elicit answers concerning customers perception (Brady and Cronin, 2001) instead of two sets of questionnaires for measuring perception and expectation distinctively and for determining the difference between the two as was done by Parasuraman et al., (1988). The framework provided in this paper demonstrates the fact that fake loyalty may be found abundantly and inco mplete satisfaction will result in customer switching. The model below illustrates a gap which represents the disparity between the customers perception and expectation. Since the expectation of a customer does not influence the actual service delivered to him/her by the bank, thus, it holds an insignificant value. This infers that the actual service delivered will depend on the perceived service quality which in turn is also influenced by various service quality dimensions namely: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Moreover, it is known that these dimensions influence both the customers service quality perceptions and the management designed service quality. Thus, the hypotheses and the hypothetical model are the same for all the gaps mentioned above. This research paper will investigate the disparity between the perceived service quality and the actual quality of service delivered to the customer by measuring the above mentioned service quality dimensions. Service quality dimensions Competitive Price Expectations (Expected Service) Perception  (Perceived Service Quality) Satisfaction Loyalty Actual service Experienced Tangible Reliability Responsiv-eness Assurance Empathy Banks Profitability Bank (image reputation) Market share Dissatisfied customers Switching customers 5. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 5.1 Purpose of the Research The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the hypothetical model and the related hypotheses. The analysis of the hypothetical model will lead to the formulation of appropriate business strategies that will overcome the potential disparity between perceived service quality and the actual quality of service delivered to the customer upon implementation. 5.2 Research Objectives 5.2.1 Primary Objective The objective of this paper is to investigate the drivers of customer loyalty and firm profitability with the help of collecting empirical evidence through interviewing the customers of various banks in Ghana and also, through assessing a case study of Barclays Bank Ghana. Due to the distinct cultural values of the Ghanaian Society, our study will focus on the extant literature. 5.2.2 Secondary Objectives Businesses conventionally implement aggressive marketing strategies in order to draw the attention of the new customers and thus, increase market share at the cost of competitors. According to the latest trends in competition, those businesses benefit the most that focus on retaining their customers while providing them the goods and services (Roberts, 2005). Customer retention with the help of enforcing quality in products, services, prices and accessing facilities of the bank among others play a critical role in customer satisfaction. Studies have shown that satisfied customers always return to their service providers and also, make their recommendations to friends and families which in turn increase both market share and profitability of the firm. In the banking sector of Ghana, it is generally hypothesized that high performance of the bank is associated with high customer retention. Thus, Bankers appraise customer loyalty as the key factor towards maintaining market share and increasing profitability of the bank. Due to the high customer chum, it is important to know that what drives customer loyalty. Ghauri and Grà ¶nhaug (2005; p. 14) state that assumptions and speculations should not be accepted or rejected unless these assumptions are critically studied to give logical and reliable reasoning for their acceptation or rejection. This study seeks to attain this aim that requires investigation of the drivers of customer loyalty serving as the core of design strategies that result in the increase of customer retention and bank performance by taking in to account the case study of Barclays Bank in Ghana. 6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 6.1 Research questions In order to study the optimization of the enterprise contact management through a CRM enabled contact centre platform by taking in to consideration the case study of Barclays Bank in Ghana, the following question are being posed in this paper. What are the factors driving customer loyalty in Ghanas banking sector, in particular Barclays Bank Ghana? What are the factors that set back customer loyalty and retention in the banking sector in Ghana, particularly Barclays Bank Ghana? Does customer loyalty is achieved through customer satisfaction? Do reluctant customers approach other banks in order to get better and improved customer relations and services? 6.2 Hypotheses Our study will test the following hypotheses in this paper. H1- Service quality influences loyalty and satisfaction of the customer. H2- Tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance and empathy are the five dimensions of service quality that vary to the extent to which they instigate customer loyalty and satisfaction. H3- Customer loyalty and satisfaction depend upon competitive pricing. H4- Perceived reputation and image of the bank stimulate customer loyalty. H5- Banks or enterprises profitability can be increased by customer loyalty and market share. H6- Reluctant customers approach other banks in order to get improved service quality from other banks. 7. BACKGROUND- BANKING IN GHANA Ghana has a well structured financial system that is built around the capital market, the Bank and the non Bank Financial Institutions. Banks are further divided in to the following classes on the basis of a licensed system: Universal Banking under Class I banking license. Universal and off-shore Banking under Class II banking license. Universal, off-shore Banking and ARB (Association of Rural and Community Banks) APEX Banking under the general banking license. (Bank of Ghana, Annual report, 2007). At present, the minimum amount of GHC 60 million is required to be possessed by the banks that are operating in Ghana as their stated capital (Bank of Ghana, Annual report, 2007). Ghana has 26 major banks operating under the Universal banking license and 126 rural and community banks that have been licensed for ARB Apex banking system. And also, 41 non Banking Financial Institutions which comprise of Discount Houses, Finance Companies, Mortgage Finance Companies, Savings Companies, Loans Companies and Leasing Companies. All of these NBFIs are supervised by the Bank of Ghana that is the central bank of Ghana. The activity based division of Commercial, Merchant and Development banking operating previously in Ghana have been replaced by this categorization. This was done in the wake of the initiative for the financial reforms that enabled universal banking in Ghana and thus, dissolved the operating limits hypothesized on the initial activity of incorporation. The goal was to transform t he conventional way of banking operation in order to welcome competitive trading in to the banking sector. Dr. Acquah, the Governor of the Bank of Ghana stated in his speech at the Fifth Banking Award Ceremony that universal banking was introduced in order to promote new banks, liberalize the options for the banking services, extend the branch network and increase competition for deposit at the level of retail (Acquah, 2009). Since the banks constitute 70 per cent of the financial sector, thus, they are the most common source for contributing to the economy (Bawumia, 2008). The head offices of all the banks in Ghana are situated in the national capital of the country while their several branches are located in major cities and town of Ghana that are owned by the government, Ghanaians, foreigners or the combination. Currently all the banks in Ghana possess Universal Banking License. Only 12 banks in Ghana are owned by its citizens. The table below shows the banks operating in Ghana with their branch networks, area of activity and proprietorship. Name of Bank Number of Branches Ownership Current Banking Licence Barclays Bank of Ghana Ltd 120 Non- Ghanaian Universal Merchant Bank (Ghana) Ltd 16 Ghanaian Universal Ecobank Ghana Limited 32 Non- Ghanaian Universal Ghana Commercial Bank Ltd 143 Ghanaian Universal National Investment Bank Ltd 24 Ghanaian Universal Standard Chartered Bank Ghana Ltd 19 Non- Ghanaian Universal SG-SSB Bank Limited 36 Non- Ghanaian Universal The Trust Bank Limited 17 Ghanaian Universal Agricultural Development Bank Ltd 50 Ghanaian Universal Amalgamated Bank Limited 10 Non- Ghanaian Universal Prudential Bank Limited 10 Ghanaian Universal Fidelity Bank Limited 6 Ghanaian Universal Zenith Bank Limited 9 Non- Ghanaian Universal Stanbic Bank (Ghana) Limited 10 Non- Ghanaian Universal Unibank Ghana Limited 11 Ghanaian Universal Intercontinental Bank Limited 12 Non- Ghanaian Universal HFC Bank Ghana Limited 11 Ghanaian Universal First Atlantic Merchant Bank Ltd 4 Ghanaian Universal International Commercial Bank Ltd 12 Ghanaian Universal Guaranty Trust Bank Limited 5 Non- Ghanaian Universal CAL Bank Limited 10 Ghanaian Universal United Bank for Africa (Gh) Ltd 16 Non- Ghanaian Universal Bank of Baroda Ghana Ltd 1 Non- Ghanaian Universal BSIC 1 Non- Ghanaian Universal BPI Bank Limited 9 Non- Ghanaian Universal Table 1: Banks in Ghana (Source: Price Waterhouse Banking Industry Survey, 2008). 7.1 The era of post Banking Reform in Ghana Developments in the era of post Banking Reforms in Ghana can be concisely expressed as the transformation of the distressed and dysfunctional banking system with illiquidity and insolvency, credit rationing and interest rate controls in to a market based regime along with improving the bank supervision in order to ascertain that efficiency and profitability is increased (Acquah, 2006). The Economic Recovery Programmed (ERP) introduced the Financial Sector Adjustment Program, generally referred as FINSAP so that the banking sector can play a vital role in promoting the economic development. This program was executed in two in two phases. In the first phase, FINSAP 1, provisions were made for liberalizing the banking industry and restructuring the distressed banks in Ghana (Brownbridge et al., 1998). The restructuring part was very crucial since these banks were either extremely important for the economy or deeply associated with other economic activities such that their demolition may result in disastrous ramifications. The second phase, FINSAP 2 brought new dimensions in the financial industry reform program through privatizing state owned banks, technological advancements, human capital development and careful supervision and regulation by the central bank of Ghana. In addition to this, the second phase of FINSAP characterized cautious banking through revising the Banking Law of 1970 and through introducing the Banking Laws of 1989 and 2004 which enforced the requirement of minimum capital keeping in view the increased number of banks and branches. Due to FINSAP 2, the banking and the financial industry in Ghana experienced strong regulation and supervision along with the advancement in latest payments and settlement system. Above all was the Payment Systems Development Strategy by the central bank of Ghana that focused at the delivery of financial services that enhanced the financial intermediation with the help of the progress of electronic payment products that include ATM (Automated Teller Machine) services, e-money, transfer of funds at the point of sale, SMS (Short Message Service), internet and telephone banking. Recently, e-zwich was brought in to the market in order to build a common platform that assisted in connecting the different banking institutions through a biometric smart card (Acquah, 2009). All the banks responded positively to the introduction of information and communication technology (ICT) in delivery of financial services which in turn improved the financial performance. This outlook over shadowed the competition and distinguished market share and profitability among the banks in Ghana. The new foreign and private banks launched latest technologies whereas the government banks have to cope up with the redundant man power and non-performing assets. The new banks encounter the challenges of market share, spread and size from the conventional banks. In order to overcome this challenge, the new banks employed the strategic option of swift implementation of the prescribed new products and the development of financial services administered by the Bank of Ghana so that the un-banked, banked and under banked customer classes of the population could be captured. 7.2 The Case Study of Barclays Bank, Ghana As shown in the table 2 provided above that Barclays Banks holds a leading position in the Ghanaian financial services market place in addition to an aggressive nationwide branch network. Thus, Barclays being the premier banking institution of Ghana is leveraging its distinct characteristics in order to compete effectively in the highly competitive and fast progressing banking and financial services industry of Ghana. In order to further differentiate itself from the rest in the competition, Barclays Bank is headed towards promoting its strategy of holding its market leadership position through developing its customer management functionality with the help of implementing a robust solution for customer relation management (CRM) with strongly emphasizing over its customer service operations. Barclays commenced this initiative for CRM in order to facilitate the customer facing the banks operations with the technology platform enhancing the banks operations and enabling the bank to compete effectively in addition to becoming a truly customer focused organization. Thus, Barclays is looking forward to working with a reputable organization in order to develop and upgrade its existing customer contact centre along with integrating it with CRM Dynamic Solution by Microsoft. Completely equipped, contact centre of Barclays Bank will eventually enable the customers to interact and deal with the bank via multiple channels such as voice, e-mail, fax, IVR, web, etc.) that fulfils various functionalities of sales, marketing and service at the time of their convenience either with a customer representative or through self service. It is highly vital for Barclays to enhance its processes facing customers in order to develop the business relationship in between its customers and employees for attaining its business goals. The implementation of such an advance and complex customer management project is to be based upon detailed and comprehensive planning, apt consulting and allocation of technical resources to ascertain that the desired goals are achieved with in a certain time period, being as cost effective as possible. Electronic services department of Barclays strongly believes that the goals of this initiative required being in line with the overall business strategies of Barclays Bank. It has been observed from similar engagements that spanning numerous industries is not adequate to ensure desired result. Barclays must recognize the important role that it has to play in the initial stages of the project. Complete commitment and dedication from Barclays is required through out the total time frame of the project in order to ascertain and realize the significance of enhancing its customer management functionality which will ultimately result in the growth in revenue and profitability. 7.2.1 Requirements for the Barclays Bank Ghana Barclays Bank Ghana is looking forward to improving its overall customer management operations through commencing a CRM strategy that is most likely to enhance the banks customer focus strategy. The first stage of this CRM initiative will emphasize over improving the customer service function of the bank through making new advancements in its current platform for the centre. This is achieved by employing latest tools that will improve the interaction of the customers with the bank either through the customer service representation or by means of self service. The first stage of CRM initiatives is most likely to improve the sales and marketing processes of the operation of the bank and set the stage for linking these processes with the customer service operations and allowing them to access the tools that will support in improving their performance, enhance their functions and recognize understand the customer as the Banks primary asset. The bank has recognized the following basic functions necessary for improving its existing contact centre platform. Outbound Calls and Multimedia Channels Automatic Distribution of Calls Caller Line Identification Complaint Management Interactive Voice Response Integration of CRM Computer Telephony Integration Call Recording Reports or Dashboard System Backup Barclays Bank has also recognized the following modules of Microsoft Dynamics CRM platform as the desirable milestones for the project. Marketing module Service Module Sales Module Workflow Module Analytical Module 7.2.2 Recommended Solution The recommended solution is divided in to the following three different components. CRM-Workshop for Business Process Mapping Implementation of Microsoft Dynamic CRM Up gradation of the platform of Contact Centre Technology 7.2.3 Business Process Mapping The aim of this exercise is to recognize the current business processes, future business processes and the gap between the two scenarios. It is formulated to overcome barriers between the business values and its technology. The outcome is strict accountability and a higher probability of customer satisfaction through its deployment. The exercise will determine the metric that need to be tracked down, managers and customers that will be held accountable for these measurements of the performance, required new processes, impact of processes and sub processes on data importing, solution configuration and integration with other technologies and systems used at the back end. The results of this exercise are given below: Detailed Process Map that consists of report on current state as validated by the stockholders. Detailed Process Map consisting of report on future state as validated by the stockholders. Gap Analytical Report Business Requirements Report After the above documents have been produced, the business users will eventually examine and validate the provided information. After approval, these documents will be used to support project execution. 7.2.4 Deployment of CRM System The desired outcome of the successful deployment of a CRM system is determined through the end users usage and willingness to use it daily in order to improve their personal productivity. In this regard, the adapted methodology gives a frame work for dealing with customer relationship management as a business strategy and also as a project for developing technical systems. The concept behind this process is that technology alone with out strategy does not produce business results. Thus, a proper strategy for CRM is required to be adopted side by side with the deployment of the technical system. The success of CRM lies in the implementation of the technology with the clear picture of the improvements in measurable business performance. 7.2.5 Strategy The strategic model used by the Barclays Bank Ghana constitutes of four components that must be understood in order to achieve real business advantage from any CRM based project. Figure 2 (Source: e.Services Africa Ltd. 2010). Performance Management The purpose of any CRM project in an organization is to improve or optimize its performance. However, it is complicated to precisely define: the areas and object to be improved, the extent of this improvement and the enhancement of this improvement measure through the CRM system. This objective is fulfilled by embedding key point indicators, business metrics in the form of understandable charts and graphs in to the user interface of the CRM system. This enables the user to use the system as a routine activity. User can easily find the changes made by them to the system in clear metrics on their dashboard. Users and the management must seriously operate the business in accordance to the embedded metrics on the dashboards. Management Commitment Commitment of the management serves as the basis for success of any CRM project. Senior managers must completely comprehend and be involved in adopting CRM as a strategy and they must also, actively take part in the implementation of CRM project. Existing processes need to be changed for improving performance of any business or system, thus, any CRM project could be referred to an effort for changing management and modifying behavior. Managers are supposed to support such changes. Irrespective of the technological functions, the managers must back the process changes along with communicating the fact that new procedures need to be adopted in order to achieve the desired goals of the business.