Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes

Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures.The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate.By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water.After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix wo rkable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids.In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ? Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures.The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate.By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water.After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix wo rkable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids.In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ?

Thing They Carried Essay

Alexandra Berliner Eshoo English 12 11/28/11 Something A Soldier Ignores: Death Fatalities are part of every person’s life. To a normal citizen, death is often followed by sadness and grief. As portrayed in â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien, a soldier has to deal with the situation much differently. Death is portrayed in a negative light due to the fact that soldiers are greatly fearful of it and that they are forced to be unaffected by death. In order to cope with all the deaths he witnessed, O’Brien uses the retelling of war stories to heal from these traumatic events. Throughout the novel, death is definitely portrayed as being a very negative part of war. Because it is such a negative thing, death tends to instill fear in soldiers. From the beginning of the novel, death is truly portrayed as being a very negative risk that anyone at war deals with: â€Å"Beyond all this, or at the very center, was the raw fact of terror. I did not want to die. Not ever† (44). It is known that death could be the outcome of going to war, and many of these young soldiers do not want to die. Even though many soldiers end up going to war anyway, they are still fearful of death being a possible outcome for them. All of this fear and anxiety associated with war ultimately leads most people to view death in a negative light. It is definitely something that soldiers want to avoid, and even if they are not killed, death still has negative affects on them. In addition to death being portrayed in a negative light from the beginning of the novel, the soldiers are forced to be unaffected by death. As a result, it is seen how war changes people in a negative way. Once the war is all over, the negative affects are still present, and O’Brien deals with them through retelling the past. It is seen that anyone that becomes involved in war eventually learns to be unaffected by death when one of the soldiers’ girlfriends comes to visit. She never leaves because she becomes fully invested in the war: â€Å"She was dangerous. She was ready for the kill† (116). When the girlfriend first came to the war site, she was innocent. Now, she has become part of the war and is ready to kill. One of the most obvious ways that she has changed is that now she can kill people easily and is unaffected by it. The fact that such an innocent woman can be changed so drastically by war shows the negative affects of being unaffected by death. It has become part of life for these soldiers, while most people would see death as a scary thing. Additionally, we see another soldier forced to conform to the guidelines of war in the witnessing of Kiowa’s death: â€Å"The young soldier was trying hard not to cry† (170). This shows that, when first exposed to war, the soldiers are actually upset when they see another person die. This is a normal reaction that most people would have; yet, the others soldiers look down upon this person. When the young soldier is about to cry, they know that he is new to the experiences, and they just ignore him. The experienced soldiers do this because they know that every soldier just has to ignore death. It is just an unavoidable part of war. In war, death is dehumanized, and every soldier is forced to ignore it; yet, it still has lasting negative affects on the soldiers. O’Brien reveals that he deals with the situation through the retelling of war stories. By revealing these stories, it allows O’Brien, as well as the listener, to understand how exactly war works: â€Å"By telling stories, you objectify your own experience†¦You start sometimes with an incident that truly happened, like the night in the shit field, and you carry it forward by inventing incidents that did not in fact occur but that nonetheless help to clarify and explain† (160). This shows that all the bad experiences, including the thousands of deaths observed, are clarified through telling stories. Even if the stories are not totally accurate, bringing any part of the situation to light gives O’Brien the closure he needs. It allows him to understand what went on in the war and be able to heal from it. Even though the soldiers are forced not react to death as a civilized human would, it still affects them internally, and the best way for O’Brien to deal with the negativity of death is through talking about it. Death is something that every soldier has to deal with on a regular basis. Thousands of people are killed every day at war, and so, the soldiers are forced to ignore the emotions associated with death. They do not have the time to be upset in the midst of protecting our country. As a result, all of the witnessed death affect them internally and stay with them for many years after the war is over. In order to deal with the negative affects, it is seen that O’Brien uses war stories as a way of healing. It allows him to understand what he experienced and move past it.

Barack Obama Essay Sample

Barack Hussein Obama II. born August 4. 1961. a alumnus of Columbia University and Harvard Law School. is the 44th and current president of the United States. For your information. he is besides the first African American to keep the office. He was a community organiser in Chicago before gaining his jurisprudence grade. He besides worked as civil-rights attorney and instructor before prosecuting a political calling. He was subsequently elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996. functioning from 1997 to 2004. He was elected to the U. S. presidential term in 2008. President Obama continues to ordain policy alterations in response to the issues of wellness attention and economic crisis. Early LifeObama was born on August 4. 1961. at Kapi?olani Maternity A ; Gynecological Hospital ( now Kapi?olani Medical Center for Women and Children ) in Honolulu. Hawaii. and is the firstPresident to hold been born in Hawaii. His female parent. Ann Dunham. was born in Wichita. Kansas. and was of largely English lineage. His male parent. Barack Obama. Sr. . was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo. Kenya. Obama’s parents met in 1960 in a Russian category at the University of Hawai?i at Manoa. where his male parent was a foreign pupil on scholarship. The twosome was married on February 2. 1961 and Barack was born six months subsequently. Obama did non hold a relationship with his male parent as a kid. When his boy was still an baby. Obama Sr. relocated to Massachusetts to go to Harvard University. prosecuting a Ph. D. Barack’s parents officially separated several months subsequently and finally divorced in March 1964. when their boy was 2. In 1965. Obama Sr. returned to Kenya. In 1965. Dunham married Lolo Soetoro. an East–West Center pupil from Indonesia. A twelvemonth subsequently. the household moved to Jakarta. Indonesia. where Barack’s half sister. Maya Soetoro Ng. was born. Several incidents in Indonesia left Dunham afraid for her son’s safety and instruction so. at the age of 10. Barack was sent back to Hawaii to populate with his maternal grandparents. Exceling in School While populating with his grandparents. Obama enrolled in the honored Punahou Academy. stand outing in hoops and graduating with academic awards in 1979. As one of merely three black pupils at the school. Obama became witting of racism and what it meant to be Afro-american. He subsequently described how he struggled to accommodate societal perceptual experiences of his multiracial heritage with his ain sense of ego: â€Å"I began to detect at that place was cipher like me in the Sears. Roebuck Christmas catalog †¦ and that Santa was a white adult male. † he said. â€Å"I went to the bathroom and stood in forepart of the mirror with all my senses and limbs apparently integral. looking the manner I had ever looked. and wondered if something was incorrect with me. † Obama besides struggled with the absence of his male parent. who he saw merely one time more after his parents divorced. when Obama Sr. visited Hawaii for a short clip in 1971. â€Å" [ My male parent ] had left Eden. and nil that my female parent or grandparents told me could rid of that individual. impregnable fact. † he subsequently reflected. â€Å"They couldn’t describe what it might hold been like had he stayed. † After high school. Obama studied at Occidental College in Los Angeles for two old ages. He so transferred to Columbia University in New York. graduating in 1983 with a grade in political scientific discipline. After working in the concern sector for two old ages. Obama moved to Chicago in 1985. There. he worked on the South Side as a community organiser for low-income occupants in the Roseland and the Altgeld Gardens communities Obama honed leading accomplishments as a community militant Barack Obama’s meteorologic rise from the streets of Chicago to the U. S. Senate to winning the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party showcases the alone experiences and accomplishments he has gained in his old ages as an organiser. legislator and community militant. After graduating from Columbia University. Obama worked for a Harlem environmental and consumer protagonism organisation in New York City. In 1985 he was hired in Chicago as a community organiser for $ 10. 000 and a used auto. As a staff member for the Developing Communities Project. Obama worked with churches on the city’s industrial South Side to form workers who had lost their occupations due to the steel factory and mill shuttings. After three old ages in some of the toughest vicinities of Chicago. Obama decided to go to Harvard Law School. assuring to return to these same streets. After being elected the first Afro-american president of the Harvard Law Review. Obama could hold turned his acad emic success into a six-figure occupation with a esteemed jurisprudence house. Alternatively he chose to maintain his promise. He returned to Chicago in 1991 where he joined a little civil rights house and ran a elector enrollment thrust that put 150. 000 new electors on the axial rotations. assisting Bill Clinton carry Illinois in 1992. In 1996 he was elected province senator from his Chicago territory. In the Illinois Legislature. Obama worked with Democrats and Republicans to assist working households get in front by making a province Earned Income Tax Credit. He besides pushed through enlargement of an early childhood instruction plan. He besides played an of import function in outlining bipartizan moralss reform statute law that has made Illinois one of the best provinces in the state for run finance revelation. In 2004 Obama was elected U. S. senator from Illinois. where he has continued to show exceeding leading in facing tough issues. As a member of the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. he has strongly supported Virginia Democratic Sen. Jim Webb’s new G. I. Bill that would supply instruction benefits for all veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Showing his ability to make across the aisle. Obama traveled to Russia with Republican Sen. Dick Lugar of Indiana to get down a new coevals of non-proliferation attempts to happen and maintain deathly arms out of the custodies of terrorists around the universe. In his first twelvemonth as senator. Obama scored a 93 per centum evaluation on cardinal legislative issues identified by the UAW. Over his four old ages as senator. he has stood with working households by voting for a rise in the minimal pay. for the Employee Free Choice Act with card-check acknowledgment in brotherhood forming thrusts. and for the right of Medicare to negociate with drug companies to cut costs for seniors. He has besides stood with us to oppose Republican attempts to privatise Social Security. base on balls another â€Å"free† trade pact for Central America ( CAFTA ) and cut Medicaid coverage for the hapless. President Barack Obama and Transformative Leadership Over the past two old ages. we have seen what some have called a transformative presentation of leading. This procedure culminated on January 20th with the startup of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States. Whether or non you agree with his political relations ( and Prime Business Alert! is unquestionably nonpartizan ) . you have to esteem his journey and appreciate his leading capablenesss. You can besides larn a great trade about effectual leading and sustained. high-ranking public presentation by analyzing his unlikely and meteorologic rise. From low beginnings. holding to predominate over the double â€Å"handicaps† of race and fatherlessness. and overcome two of the most formidable political forces in history ( the Clintons and the Republican Party ) . President Obama showed us that a individual with imaginativeness. finding. and religion could overcome incalculable odds and rise to the highest and most powerful office in the universe. During his full campaigning. he exhibited the leading qualities that led to this landmark accomplishment: * President Obama saw chance where others saw obstructions ; * Saw solutions where others saw jobs ; * Hade assurance when others had uncertainty ;* Had resolve when others wavered ;* Was disciplined when others were slack ;* Stayed composure when others panicked ;* Had hope when others lost religion ;* And. finally. he saw possibility where others saw none President Obama established several indispensable elements in his run. First. he affirmed his leading by doing clear who was in charge. what messages would be communicated. and his committedness to those messages. At the same clip. he was unfastened to thoughts and willing to accommodate when presented with a compelling ground to make so. Second. he set the psychological science of his run. guaranting that it was positive. proactive. and focused. Third. he actively created a civilization of unity. openness. and finding that permeated throughout his run organisation. These specific messages and the manner in which he conveyed them are powerful lessons for you in your leading function at your company. President Obama besides convinced 1000000s of single Americans that they excessively could change their ain personal histories and hereafters. We saw the force of this message in interviews with African-Americans who lived through segregation and the civil-rights motion and in the voices of hope and possibility from immature African-Americans who saw what was one time impossible was now a world and that if he could travel mountains. so could they. And this message reverberated across racial age. gender. and cultural lines. President Obama showed us that. in a universe where the position quo had apparently immoveable inactiveness. alteration could go on. And in a universe that frequently times seems to be whirling out of control. he gave many the bravery to encompass the â€Å"audacity of hope. † This message of possibility and personal authorization from President Obama moved people and caused an unstoppable groundswell of support that propelled him to the Presidency. This same message can authorise your employees to accomplish their ain and your company’s ends and take their public presentation. productiveness. and profitableness to a new degree. President Obama besides showed us that disconnected persons with a common vision could blend into a formidable force. His life and his words inspired 1000000s of antecedently uninvolved Americans to come in the political sphere and stand up for what they believed. But. despite what many people think. inspiration is non his greatest gift. President Obama’s existent strengths are non merely to animate. but besides to inform and transform. He gave people the information and tools they needed to concentrate and direct their inspiration. And so he transformed that inspiration and information into action. By working both low-tech ( boots on the land ) and hi-tech ( the Internet ) means. he created what was surely the most powerful political run in history. As a leader. you can unify your corporate squad in the same manner. First. make a shared vision of what your squad wants to carry through. Making this a collaborative attempt additions â€Å"buy in† and ownership. Second. give your squad the cognition they need to make their occupations separately and jointly to the best of their ability. Third. supply them with the resources to turn their inspiration and information into action. President Obama now faces the most intimidating trial of his leading accomplishments as he attempts to hammer a sense of integrity. where others have tried and failed. in a political civilization that has many political. economic. and cultural cabals. Can he animate. inform. and transform those who have cardinal dissensions with him? To make so. he will hold to marshal all of his singular leading accomplishments. In this clip of crisis. his oratory gifts can animate all Americans to put aside little concerns and work together to get the better of the current challenges at place and abroad. This ability involves bordering dissentious issues in footings that transcend specific political orientations and concentrate on larger cosmopolitan subjects. He began this procedure in his inaugural address when he declared. â€Å"We gather because we have chosen hope over fright. integrity of intent over struggle and strife. † The same sort of divergency of positions can disable a company every bit good. The ability to animate your employees. beat up them around a shared cause. demonstrate regard for all positions. and happen common land is an indispensable accomplishment for supplying leading to a successful company. President Obama’s confident. composure. and commanding presence in these hard times can animate trust that he has America’s best involvements at bosom despite policy differences. His celebrated regard for diverse point of views and willingness to listen to others can besides promote â€Å"buy in† from those less inclined to make so. And his thoughtful and far-reaching responses to issues that impact all Americans can convert even those who might be immune to. at a lower limit. give him a opportunity to turn out himself right. Similarly. a manner of corporate leading that is important. yet empathetic and trusty. can cut down the fires of struggle and promote those with different thoughts to be unfastened to others’ point of views and be willing to happen via media for the good of the person and the company. In the concern universe. there are profound lessons to be learned from analyzing President Obama’s leading capablenesss. By using his accomplishments and schemes to your work. you can make your ain transformative leading experience that can assist you and your company to accomplish its ends. Cultural and political imageObama’s household history. upbringing. and Ivy League instruction differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their callings in the sixtiess through engagement in the civil rights motion. Expressing bewilderment over inquiries about whether he is â€Å"black enough† . Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that â€Å"we’re still locked in this impression that if you appeal to white folks so there must be something wrong† . Obama acknowledged his vernal image in an October 2007 run address. stating: â€Å"I wouldn’t be here if. clip and once more. the torch had non been passed to a new coevals. † Obama is often referred to as an exceeding speechmaker. During his pre-inauguration passage period and go oning into his presidential term. Obama has delivered a series of hebdomadal Internet picture references. Harmonizing to the Gallup Organization. O bama began his presidential term with a 68 % blessing evaluation before bit by bit worsening for the remainder of the twelvemonth. and finally bottoming out at 41 % in August 2010. a tendency similar to Ronald Reagan’s and Bill Clinton’s first old ages in office. He experienced a little canvass bounciness shortly after the decease of Osama bin Laden. which lasted until around June 2011. when his blessing Numberss dropped back to where they were prior to the operation. Polls show strong support for Obama in other states. and before being elected President he met with outstanding foreign figures including British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Italy’s Democratic Party leader and Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni. and Gallic President Nicolas Sarkozy. In a February 2009 canvass conducted in Western Europe and the U. S. by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune. Obama was rated as the most well-thought-of universe leader. every bit good as the most powerful. In a similar canvass conducted by Harris in May 2009. Obama was rated as the most popular universe leader. every bit good as the one figure most people would trap their hopes on for drawing the universe out of the economic downswing. Obama won Best Spoken Word Al bum Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008. His grant address after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent creative persons as the music picture â€Å"Yes We Can† . which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month and received a Daytime Emmy Award. In December 2008. Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic campaigning and election. which it described as â€Å"the steady March of apparently impossible accomplishments† . On October 9. 2009. the Norse Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize â€Å"for his extraordinary attempts to beef up international diplomatic negotiations and cooperation between peoples† . Obama accepted this award in Oslo. Norway on December 10. 2009. with â€Å"deep gratitude and great humbleness. The award drew a mixture of congratulations and unfavorable judgment from universe leaders and media figures. Obama is the 4th U. S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the 3rd to go a N obel laureate while Challenges and Successs In the 2nd portion of his term as president. Obama has faced a figure of obstructions and scored some triumphs as good. He signed his health-care reform program. known as the Affordable Care Act. into jurisprudence in March 2010. Obama’s program is intended to beef up consumers’ rights and to supply low-cost insurance coverage and greater entree to medical attention. His oppositions. nevertheless. claim that â€Å"Obamacare. † as they have called it. added new costs to the country’s grandiloquent budget and may go against the Fundamental law with its demand for persons to obtain insurance. On the economic forepart. Obama has worked hard to maneuver the state through hard fiscal times. He signed the Budget Control Act of 2011 in attempt to harness in authorities disbursement and forestall the authorities from defaulting on its fiscal duties. The act besides called for the creative activity of a bipartizan commission to seek solutions to the country’s financial issues. but the group failed to make any understanding on how to work out these jobs. Obama has besides handled a figure of military and security issues. In 2011. Obama helped revoke the military policy. known as â€Å"Don’t Ask. Don’t Tell. † that prevented openly cheery military personnels from functioning in the U. S. Armed Forces. He besides gave the green visible radiation to a 2011 covert operation in Pakistan. in which a squad of U. S. Navy SEALs killed ill-famed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. Obama made headlines once more in June 2012. when a authorization included in his Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( initiated in 2010 ) was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court. therefore leting other of import pieces of the jurisprudence to remain integral. The jurisprudence includes free wellness showings for certain citizens. limitations to stringent insurance company policies and permission for citizens under age 26 to be insured under parental programs. among several other commissariats. In a 5-4 determination. the Court voted to continue the authorization under which citizens are required to buy wellness insurance or pay a tax—a chief proviso of Obama’s health-care law—stating that while the authorization is unconstitutional. harmonizing to the Constitution’s commercialism c lause. it falls within Congress’ constitutional power to revenue enhancement. The Supreme Court opinion has been deemed a triumph for Obama. who is approaching the terminal of his first presidental term. Leadership analysis The office of the American presidential term is a multi-faceted business that requires many sorts of leading manners. This hub briefly discusses some of the chapeaus worn by American President Barack Obama over the past four old ages. Largely the article focuses on three wide leading manners including transformational-charismatic. cross-cultural. and contingency-situational leading. Recently. I added the sentiment polls to let you to rate how you think President Obama has faired in these countries and overall. Please experience free to take part. Transformational-charismaticBefore the election. President Barack Obama attracted the attending of American’s and aliens likewise with a apparently magnetic nature. A magnetic leader has an eldritch ability to pull others to his side and travel them to carry through a cause bigger than themselves. A magnetic attack is transformational if it invokes a lasting alteration in the people who embrace the leader’s vision. During his first term. President Obama wooed at least some to his vision by demoing the possible to do a immense difference in both domestic and foreign personal businesss Cross-Cultural-Global Leadership Under the Bush Administration. America’s image lost much of its radiance. This was largely due to a one-sided. ethnocentirc foreign policy espoused by Bush and Cheney. While non taking America’s safety demands for granted. President Obama formulated a more cross-cultural attack to the universe. believing non merely of the US’s involvements but besides the involvements of the other states as good. In the first six months on the occupation. President Obama traveled abroad more than any other president at that point of his disposal and seemed to pay careful attending to cultural norms in the topographic points where he traveled. After his first twelvemonth. the President’s effort to be more compromising to the Middle East. China. and Russia were welcomed by the universe in that he received the Nobel Peace Prize. However. some believe the President’s policies toward the Middle East helped convey about the Arab Spring which resulted in the overthrow of a t least a few pro-American governments. Contingency Leadership During his first few months in office. Mr. Obama non merely displayed culturally sensitive and transformational leading. he responded to assorted state of affairss utilizing different types of leading theoretical accounts. In this manner he modeled what has been described as eventuality leading. When going abroad Obama was compromising. low and disposed to listen before speech production. When he faced the neglecting car industry. he did non soften words but stood tough to name for necessary alterations. This was seen in how he forced GM and Chrysler to accept new MPG criterions and pare down their long-time committedness to NASCAR. Under the heat of the current foreign and economic problems. Obama worked difficult to carry through what he promised understanding that each second he waited may intend a lost place or occupation for another group of citizens. Whether one liked what he did or non. Obama did non shy off from the challenges that faced him when he accepted the occupation as president. Personaility Profile Sarah Moore and Angela Rodgers. pupils at the College of Saint Benedict in St. Joseph. Minn. . did a research undertaking on â€Å"The Personality Profile of President Barack Obama: Leadership Implications† and presented the consequences at the 6th one-year Minnesota Private Colleges Scholars at the Capitol event. Feb. 19. in the State Capitol rotunda. St. Paul. Minn. The profile revealed that Barack Obama is ambitious and confident ; modestly dominant and assertive ; suiting. concerted. and agreeable ; slightly surpassing and congenial ; and comparatively painstaking. The combination of ambitious and suiting forms in Obama’s profile suggests a â€Å"confident conciliator† personality complex. Leaderships with this personality paradigm. though self-confident and ambitious. are characteristically gracious. considerate. and benevolent. They are energetic. capturing. and agreeable. with a particular endowment for settling differences and a penchant for mediation and via media over force or coercion as a scheme for deciding struggle. They are driven chiefly by a demand for accomplishment. but besides have significant association demands and a modest demand for power. The survey offers an through empirical observation based model for expecting Obama’s public presentation as main executive. The undermentioned general anticipations sing Obama’s likely leading manner can be inferred from his personality profile: * Ambitious. self-confident. gracious. considerate * Preference for mediation and via media over force or coercion as a scheme for deciding struggle * High demand for accomplishment ; moderate demand for association ; low demand for power * More matter-of-fact than ideological * More task- than relationship oriented* Likely to move as a strong advocator in his disposal. utilizing his powers of persuasion to progress his policy vision * Preference for garnering information from a assortment of beginnings instead than trusting entirely on advisers and disposal functionaries * In covering with members of Congress. may demo penchant for avoiding unneeded struggle by seeking to stay above the disturbance in heated. extremely dissentious arguments * Preference for jointing and supporting his policies in individual instead than trusting on staff and disposal functionaries to talk for him President Obama’s 14 Leadership Traits01. Bearing02. Courage ( moral and physical bravery )03. Decisiveness04. Dependability05. Endurance06. Enthusiasm07. Enterprise08. Integrity09. Opinion10. Justice11. Knowledge12. Loyalty13. Tact14. Unselfishness He is one of the few US Presidents that was non born into wealth. He will stay an inspiration for immature draw a bead oning leaders. He achieved the Presidency through excellence in leading and those same leading accomplishments will enable him to surpass those that lack such abilities and suitably airt US involvement both internally and abroad.

Ionic and Covalent Bonding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ionic and Covalent Bonding - Essay Example Formation of ionic bond takes when an electron is transferred from a non metal to metal making the two atoms have partial positive and negative charge hence they attract one another. Reaction between non-metals and metals results into electrons being transferred from the metal to non-metal and, therefore, the metal and non-metal forms ions. On the other hand, the compound formed is called an ionic compound (Gaskell 2008, p. 17). In the above example, sodium atom loses an electron to the chlorine atom. Therefore, sodium atom, therefore, becomes partially positively charged while the chlorine atom becomes partially negatively charged hence an ionic bond is formed (Gaskell 2008, p. 18). Ionic bonds do not have a definite shape while covalent bonds have definite shapes that can be predicted. In addition, covalent bonds can be broken to the original atoms which made the molecule because the atoms are close to one another so as to share electrons (Engel and Reid 2012, p.43). While, ionic bonds are solid, covalent bonds molecules are gaseous or liquids. Compounds that have covalent bonds have a lower melting point than ionic bonds because they have weak van der waals forces that do not require a high amount of energy. On the other hand, ionic compound has higher melting points because their bonds are stable and hence high amount of energy is required to the bonds (Atkins & Paula 2012, p.54). Ionic bonds also form crystalline atoms and in solution or molten state they conduct electricity and are also polar bonds. Therefore, most of them dissolve in water but are insoluble in solvents that are not polar (Silbey et al. 2004 p.30). Ionic bonds are formed between a metal and non-metal atoms. For the formation of the bond to occur, the atoms must have high difference in electron negativity and it is made when the metal atom loses an electron to the non-metal making it

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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Impact of the Maoist Insurgency on the Nepalese Society

Impact of the Maoist Insurgency on the Nepalese Society CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. The Nepalese people had a positive, but to a large extent unrealistic, expectation with the new political establishment of 1990, which had installed a democratic system of governance in the country. This form of governance was unable to meet the peoples expectations. Midterm parliamentary elections of November, 1994 resulted in a hung parliament that further led to a power-centric rivalry between various political parties. Maoists, a radical fraction of the Nepalese communist movement, whose ultimate goal was to establish a communist republic through armed struggle, found the prevailing environment most appropriate for triggering a long awaited armed struggle. The Maoists started an armed insurgency amidst political instability from the remote hills of mid Western region, and finally emerged as a threat to Nepals democracy. The Nepalese government, in its various capacities, fought the Maoist insurgency. The government was able to contain a growing insurgency, but had not been abl e to achieve the desired political end state within the existing constitutional framework. 2. Nepal endured the Maoist insurgency for more than a decade and this truly posed a formidable threat to national security. The government failed to anticipate and diagnose the problem properly in the first place and a frequently changing government could not effectively employ the instruments of national power by devising a coherent and coordinated national strategy. Ultimately, the government relied on security/military measures without formulating a viable and broader political and socio-economic strategy. The governments response to the Maoist challenge in general was reactive, inconsistent, and far from effective.   The extreme friction and division within the ruling circles prevented the state from articulating a clear, consistent and convincing response during the most critical phase of democratic transition. The conflict resolution and long-term stability in Nepal is still uncertain, yet the conflict settlement process has started after more than a decade long conflict. Ha d there been a better understanding of the insurgency from the beginning, conflict would have been less costly. 3.Emergence of Nepal Communist Party (Maoist).Understanding the birth of the Nepal Communist Party (Maoist), relates back to the conquest of Kathmandu valley in 1769 by a king from Gorkha, a small principality in central Nepal. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Shah dynasty of Gorkha through conquest, marriage and diplomacy had succeeded in annexing the small principalities and forming the country that is today known as Nepal. Towards the end of the unification campaign in the early nineteenth century, the Kings power waned and control of the state slid into the hands of the military families. Competition for the control of the state led to bloody struggle between different military families. From the mid nineteenth century onwards, the state machinery became the preserve of one family the Ranas. 4. With its aim to overthrow the Rana rule, the Nepali National Congress (NC) was formed in 1946 in Banaras by fusing the Akhil Bharatiya Nepal Rashtriya Congress, the Nepali Sangh and the Gorkha Congress. Pushpa Lal Shrestha who served as the office secretary for Nepali National Congress was dissatisfied with the NCs policies for a non-violent struggle. He quit the party and started working on setting up a communist party. He translated and published Marxs Communist Manifesto which was released on 15 September 1949, the date that is considered the founding day of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN). Although political parties were legally prohibited during this time, Nepali students in India had been exposed to Marxist views and many were even affiliated to CPI (Communist Party of India). At the time of the 1950 uprising, the CPN was in the early stages of party formation. Although it enunciated its ideology of class struggle and armed revolution, the party was not explicit about its objectives nor was it clear about its role in the 1950 movement in which NC had professed overthrowing the Rana regime and establishing democracy with constitutional monarchy. Therefore, NC dominated the 1950 revolution and CPN began expanding its support base and exercising its strength only after 1950. 5. Ideological and personality clashes among the leaders began eroding the organizational unity of the CPN during the decades of 1960s and 1970s. The party divided into three branches: the moderates, the extremists and the radicals. In 1974 the ‘central nucleus split into the CPN led by Mohan Bikram and Nirmal Lama and the CPN led by Man Mohan Adhikari. The communist party led by Adhikari joined with smaller groups and formed the CPN (ML) in 1978. By 1991 the CPN (ML) joined hands with Pushpa Lals CPN (Marxist) to form the CPN (Unified Marxist Leninist) a nomenclature that is retained to this day. At the time of the 1990 movement, the CPN (UML) was the largest Communist organization in the country. 6. While the Communist party led by Man Mohan Adhikari was consolidating with smaller groups and expanding its base, the other CPN was experiencing numerous break offs. In May of 1979, King Birendra announced a national referendum. Disputes arose between the two leaders of this party regarding the referendum. Mohan Bikram Singh was unwilling to participate in a referendum called by the King while Nirmal Lama, general secretary, accepted the referendum and faced opposition within his party. As a result, he was forced to resign from his post. Ultimately, Mohan Bikram Singh and Nirmal Lama parted ways. Singh formed his own party the CPN (Masal) in 1983. In 1985, Masal fragmented into Mashal and Masal. Mashal, led by Mohan Baidya, was subsequently replaced by Pushpa Kamal Dahal alias Prachanda, who would later be known as the Maoist supremo. The subsequent development and emergence of the Maoist party is shown in Appendix â€Å"A†. 7.Background of Maoist Insurgency in Nepal.The start of armed insurgency was not only the result of an opportunistic response to the emerging political instability after 1990 but also the product of a rational and deliberate calculation. Some form of radical elements of the leftist movement in Nepal has always believed in armed insurgency. The root of the communist movement in Nepal goes back to the birth of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) in 1949. The CPN had secured four seats out of 104 in the first ever parliamentary election conducted in 1959. The CPN was split on the question of supporting a royal takeover in December 1960. Towards the latter half of the 1970s, the communist movement in Nepal had also developed its radical factions which were influenced by the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Naxalites movement of India. Following in the footsteps of Naxlites, CPN (Marxist-Leninist) carried out killings of local land owners in eastern Jhapa district of Nepal during the la te 1970s, also known as Jhapa Uprising. This uprising was immediately suppressed by the then Panchyat government, a party-less government system under direct rule of the monarch. The Nepalese communists were generally divided into two groups until the end of the Panchayat system. One group was ready to follow democratic system and another believed in seizure of power through armed insurgency. CPN (Maoist), who started the armed insurgency in February 1996, was always in favor of armed insurgency. Maoists, through their open political front, forwarded a 40 point demand to the government in February 1996, as an ultimatum otherwise to begin an armed insurgency; however, the Maoists started the armed insurgency even before reaching the deadline. 8.Governments Counter Insurgency Strategy.Nepal had experienced 15 different governments from 1990 to April 2006. Political instability made democratic transition difficult and prevented the government from acting appropriately against the insurgency. Various governments endeavored to respond to insurgency with a range of policy instruments during their respective tenure. Weak administrative infrastructure, frequent changes in government, hung parliaments, lack of determined leadership, diverse interest and different views of major political forces towards insurgency contributed to reactive, inconsistent and sometimes counterproductive response. Maoists completed preparation of the armed insurgency by keeping the government unaware, in order to avoid government repression. As an initial response, the government preferred to use police forces without anticipating the long term consequences. Police operations engaged the Maoists, but never controlled the local population. These repress ive and heavy handed law and order measures further alienated the local populace, which ultimately benefited the insurgents for organizational expansion. Only with the November 2001 offensive by the Maoists, did the government become more serious. After initial setbacks, the government decided to take a immediate approach to address grievances at the local level. It was conceived as the Internal Security and Development Program (ISDP). Increased Maoist violence prevented the government from running such types of programs together with combat operations in the insurgency infested areas. The government was forced to back out of this program.   Nepalese government counter insurgency measures from 1996 to 2006 included programs as followings: Initial Police/administrative measures. Security/military measures with ISDP programs. Counter Insurgency Operations. Peace Talks Promulgation of Terrorist and Terrorism Act. Activation of special courts to try insurgents. METHODOLOGY Statement Of The Problem 9. The researcher intends to analyze the impact of the Maoist insurgency on the Nepalese society in terms of political, social, economic and security aspect which they were forced to undergo during the period. The researcher also lays suggestions and recommendations to assist the future military leaders for better understanding of the problems and ways to address all societal needs if exposed to similar type of environment in the future. Hypothesis 10. The Nepalese society and the people were the main victim of the conflict during the decade long insurgency, in terms of social, economic and political losses. Justification Of The Study 11. Conflict, war and warlike events themselves are intolerable events in a peaceful society and automatically their impact on the society and its organ is more intolerable. The research will limit itself to a brief description of the then prevailing political situation. The main focus of the research will be concentrated towards how the society experienced the insurgency/counterinsurgency operations. A detailed analysis of the states inability to visualize the social, political, security and economic impact realized during the counter insurgency will be analyzed in detail. 12. The sole intent to scrutinize the above mentioned aspects is to provide an insight view to all the readers to understand the psychological pressure that the Nepalese society had undergone during the counter insurgency operations. Despite being one of the most significant subjects, there were some limitations regarding preparation of the paper which includes; the time limitation to make detailed study and the other commitments of the researcher in the college as well. 13. There are various national and international books, research paper written, prepared published by military professionals, academicians journalist about the Maoist insurgency and the governments approach to the problem, but only few of them that were relevant to the subjects were studied for the preparation of the paper. Methods Of Data Collection 14. This paper is based on a review and examination of information gathered from a variety of secondary sources. Due to the nature and availability of numerous research works on the subject matter the researcher did not opt for any field based research. This study is based on a descriptive along with analytical study of the Nepalese governments counter insurgency strategy along with its impact on the Nepalese populace at large. For this, the researcher has mainly studied and analyzed books and various websites. This research is by no means a complete picture of the conflict in Nepal and neither a complete picture of the Nepalese experiences during the insurgency period. Neither does this research claim to cover all impacts, but merely constitutes a review dependent upon available information. Organisation Of The Dissertation 15. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner: The chapter II highlights the background reasons behind the decade long conflict, in which more than 13 thousand innocents lost their lives. The chapter III briefly tries to explain the societal experiences of the insurgency in various levels and facades. The chapter IV tries to analyze the victims of the insurgency. The chapter V finally concludes the research, with proving of the hypothesis. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND REASONS BEHIND THE CONFLICT General 16. On February 13, 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), initiated a Peoples War with over 5,000 actions being carried out throughout the country including armed assaults on police stations in rural districts, the confiscation of property from oppressive landlords and punishment of local tyrants. The Maoist movement in Nepal grew out of imbalance within the society due to poverty, unemployment and frustration among the youths. Inaccessible hills, lack of communication and illiteracy further created an environment where insurgency could easily take its roots. Political instability in the country and failure of political leaders to respond to the hopes of mass population further attributed to the rise of Maoist movement. 17. Geographical disparity.Mid Western and far Western regions are basically remote areas of Nepal suffering from widespread poverty, disparity, structural inequality, injustice and discrimination. This in turn provided the Maoist with perfect breeding ground. Hence, the insurgency started from the mid-Western region (namely Rolpa, Rukum, Salyan and Jajarkot districts). Gradually they were able to increase their influence across the country and later were virtually present in all seventy five districts from rural to urban and hills to terai (plain) areas. The geographical expansion and growth of the Maoist insurgency was sharp and ubiquitous mainly because of two reasons. First, they effectively and successfully utilized media, rights activists, frustrated masses (e.g., ex-bounded laborers, unemployed youths, etc.) and poor, marginalised and underprivileged groups. They also created reign of terror to help expand their activities. Second, complete failure of the government to address geographical inequalities and provide regionally balanced development opportunities and infrastructures. All form of governance had completely neglected these two regions as they were inaccessible and remote. 18.Impacts of the Security Forces.Nothing can be more appalling to innocent rural community than when security forces move in, searching for insurgents. Because of the poor training of the police personnel and their lack of knowledge and proper orientation, instead of resolving the problem, they usually end up becoming major problems themselves. Police Operations like Operation Romeo, Operation Kilo Shera-2 and Jungle Search Operations (1998-99) and Silent Kilo Shera-3, Delta and Operation Chakrabihu (2000-May 2001) did not prove effective. Instead they helped escalate the conflict from certain geographical areas to across the country. Large numbers of innocent people were victims of these operations, which developed further resentment and feeling of revenge. The government completely failed to recognize the gravity of the problem of geographically neglected areas. Thus the Maoist were able to give the impression to the general public that they truly represented their interests, need s and aspirations of geographically isolated poor rural population who had been excluded from the economic, political and social opportunities mainly because of staying in geographically remote and backward areas. 19.Social Exclusion and Acute Inequalities. Absolute poverty, lack of access to resources and failure of political structures to address these issues made the Nepalese society extremely vulnerable to conflict. Deep rooted social cleavages in terms of caste, ethnicity, gender, regional, cultural, linguistic and religious forms of discrimination provided fertile ground to escalate the conflict.Maoists successfully capitalised the widely discernible disillusionment of people towards poor performance of political structure. Dominance of certain groups (e.g., Brahmin, Chhetri and Newar) in all social, political and economic sectors promoted feeling of injustice and revenge as lower caste people strongly believed that they had been excluded from opportunities and resources. Maoists tactically utilised these feelings. The emergence of ethnic interest groups, awareness on social exclusion, ethnic inequalities and governance failure fuelled the conflict. 20.Unstable Government and Their Lack of Responsiveness.There has been considerable political instability since the inception of democracy in the country.   The performance of parliamentary democracy for years had repeatedly failed by its frequent shifting of alliances, changing stands with the alternative governments and seeking fresh elections. This trend created an unhindered and favorable environment for the Maoist to widen their influence, the government being unable to take any bold steps for the economic as well as social upliftment of the people. The people, who had great expectations from the political leaders after the restoration of democracy, were disheartened by their irresponsible acts of engaging themselves in internal wrangling. 21.Lack of good governance.The revolving door charade of ministers with the formation and fall of different governments only increased the corrupt practices across the board.The splitting of major parties created a weaker government which inspired the rampage corruption in the administrative sector. The nepotism and favoritism made people feel the class discrimination. Such conditions decreased the faith towards the government and the Maoists were successful in exploiting the discontented group to gain passive or active support.  Ã‚   22.Fragile Economy and Rampant Poverty. Nepal ranks among the poorest countries of the world. With no major industries for earning foreign currency and deteriorating tourism industry, the economic condition of the country is decreasing each day. No economic program had been implemented effectively in the remote areas where 85 percent of the populations are still in acute poverty. The 2002 Budget presented by the government headed by then Prime Minister Deuba painted a gloomy economic picture of the country. Out of Rs. 96.12 billion, Rs. 57.45 billion was set aside for regular expenditure and rest for developmental projects. Rs. 14 billion was allocated to the security forces. This meant regular expenses were higher than expenditure under the development section in the, and government was giving more importance to law and order than economic reform. 23.Ideology.Maoist Movement involves only a small minority of the countrys population as active participants. Most of the participants are members of the underground who perform their normal functions within the society along with their clandestine and covert activities. However, ideology has been an important factor in unifying the many divergent interests and goals that exists among the Maoist movements membership. As a common set of interrelated beliefs, values and norms, the ideology has been used to manipulate and influence the behavior of individuals with in the communities and societies. Such strategy of the Maoist has directly or indirectly motivated and attracted many innocent citizens of the country.   24.Illiteracy and ignorance. Nepals Functional literacy remains low, even though official statistics show that the literate population numbers at around 60 percent. Most of the literate or educated are again concentrated in the cities and often it is the illiterate majority that remains back in the villages where the Maoists are still active with organization building. Those without proper education are unable to distinguish between promises and practical goals and because they are â€Å"unaware† or not â€Å"critically conscious† about what they are told, they are more likely to be influenced. Inability of the people to differentiate between what is told to them and what is achievable is reason for the increase in support to the Maoists. Low literacy and lack of effective information and communication mechanisms in rural areas   provided the Maoists, the space to persuade locals to support their cause and at the same time failure of democracy to deliver up to the exp ectations of the people contributed to the frustrations of the poor and to the growth of the insurgency. Positive Aspects Of The Conflict 25. The conflict also had some â€Å"positive† aspects, i.e. if one discounts and pretends to temporarily forget the losses. These positive aspects are the social reforms initiated by the government after the Maoists began rattling the status quo by forcibly correcting some long-standing socio-cultural inequities. Some of those reforms were in the plans and programs of the government and political parties but had never really been implemented. The Maoists have effectively challenged the discriminatory and exploitative caste system and have taken the debate on ethnicity and identity to the level of discussion or regional autonomy and self-determination. 26. The Maoists advocate regional autonomy, promising nationalities and geographically specific regions the right to self-determination. Locally, Maoists women, enforced bans on alcohol production and distribution, which they claim had helped reduce social evils (domestic violence, for example), and also to improve food security by ensuring that food grains are not used for brewing alcohol. The anti-alcohol drive, however also had another side. Many of the ethnic populations need alcohol for religious ceremony and cultural events, and the industry is also a major employer. 27. In the village the Maoists are also said to have forcefully ended polygamy, by shaming or even killing those found guilty of the offense, which is something every woman would support. They also advocated equality of the sexes, and were able to portray that they are at least better than the state, on gender equality. According to published information, about one third of the Maoists militia comprises women, which is symbolically a better mix, compared to the status of women in state institutions. Furthermore, in the Maoists â€Å"base areas† places where they claimed to have complete control they tried out different development models, for example cooperatives, restoration of the tenancy rights of tillers and the setting up of â€Å"model† primary schools. CHAPTER III SOCIETAL EXPERIENCES OF THE INSURGENCY AND COUNTER INSURGENCY General 28. Nepal has endured a decade long brutal insurgency which pushed the nation to the brink of catastrophe. Notwithstanding the little knowledge and experience in Counter Insurgency (COIN), Nepals Armed forces were haphazardly deployed to mitigate the threat posed by the insurgents. Devoid of a proper political stratagem, however, the military response failed to yield the intended outcome.Any form of violence / conflict leaves behind physical scars not only on the mankind but also to its surroundings with the left away of damaged building, displaced individuals and families, disrupted public services along with the deaths and disappearances. However, the real damage is done on the hearts and minds of the people, most of them civilian peoples who stayed as bystanders during the entire period of the conflict sharing the both pain from the side of the rebel and the government forces. Hence following are some of the broad categories in terms of social, political, economic and security imp act that the researcher has identified as possible areas which were experienced by the Nepalese as a whole in the past conflict. Social Impact 29. The conflict in Nepal had resulted into death of more than thirteen thousand, from the hands of Maoist or the security forces. Many more have been impaired for life and thousands more have been displaced from their homes. There were fightings almost every day after November 2001, except during seven months of truce between January and August 2003. The conflict between the security forces and the Maoist in the past had far-reaching effects on any society, in terms of destruction, disruption, diversion and dissaving. Besides destruction of material, the conflict also disrupted the normal walk of life of the people causing social and economic losses, many of which were difficult to measure. Some of them being the pain of an individual or group that had lost their dear and near ones, anguish of bereaved widows, orphans and friends and families of those killed in the conflict, belonging either to security forces, civilians or the Maoist combatant. Besides, there is other aspect of the socio-cultural impact which includes displacement of people resulting to homeless, Human Rights violations, educational shutdown, detainees and disappearance, psychological and mental problems in children and women, degradation in environmental protection are some of the experiences faced by the society during the insurgency period. Following paragraphs discuss the socio-cultural impacts of the conflict, based on the findings from the research. 30.Displacement. Operation Romeo was the major pushing factor for the displacement of people right before the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) declared Peoples War on 13 Feb 1996 with an aim to overthrow the constitutional Monarchy and establish New Republican State. Later it was followed by the government launching Operation Kilo Sierra Two which also fuelled the displacement problem.The rate of internal displacement was further intensified after the government initiated actual counter insurgency operation. However there are no any definite statistics of the displaced people and the one available also shows the variations regarding the numbers of Internally Displaced People (IDP) which is shown in Appendix â€Å"B†, this however does not include the displaced people due to the threat of the government and security forces. 31. However it has been clear that the displacement had been both voluntary and forced. Those who left the village voluntary did so fearing they could be attacked by the Maoist, even though they were not threatened by them. Most of the voluntary migrants included members of the politician, local landlords, money lenders and the ones who were involved in illegal activities. The bitter experience of the displaced people could be understood easily since any individual that are forced to move from his/her place of residence faces multiple problems. 32.Children and Women.Where ever there is a conflict, children and women are often the worst sufferers in the conflicts, it is no doubt that many have appreciated Maoist for empowering women into their party but there are many more who blames Maoist for victimizing them as well. Though recruitment of women alongside of the men in the militia/guerilla has been termed as empowerment but at the same time the ignorance of the hardship that the women had to undergo during the conflict has always been neglected. Women experienced conflict differently than men, there were numerous cases regarding gendered form of violence during counter insurgency operations such as rape, slavery, deprivation of food, teenage widow and eviction from the family (according to Thapa, Ranjana, Impact of Armed Conflict on Women). They were victims of rape and torture and would often end up being forced to raise their children on their own, especially after their male partner were killed or captured. There were i ncidents where the young women/girls within Maoist had suffered from sexual abuse and exploitation, there was an interview in the national TV which the researcher still recalls, a 19 year old women Maoist cadre had claimed that she and many in their party had to fulfill the sexual desire of their own level Maoist cadre and she further notified that sometimes she even had to fulfill sexual desire of more than dozen per night. Overall, women had been adversely affected during these periods, whether as daughters, mothers, sisters or wives of both the personnel of the security forces and the Maoist. 33. Despite a national campaign â€Å"Children as Zone of Peace†, it was the children who were caught up in the Maoist conflict mainly as victims. Many had been killed in the Maoist Government conflict of which they were no part of. According to the INSEC, over 260 children under the age of 18 were killed in the conflict between 1996 till 2004. Many others were wounded and many had lost either both or one of their parents. According to other estimate, at least 2,000 children have lost one parent and more than 4,000 had been displaced. The Maoist at one hand had been using children as child soldier by either using them for combatant, cultural groups or as informants. At the same time the security forces have also used children in various ways such as guides, couriers and porters. Children nationwide experienced school disruptions because of Maoist attack on schools, forced closures and strikes at schools. The Maoist always use to see school going children as their potential fu ture combatant or child combatant resulting into abduction of entire class of student. 34. The framework projected in Appendix â€Å"C† provides an overview of an involvement of children in armed conflict and its impact which was distinctly experienced/ observed during the counter insurgency operations against the Maoist Peoples War. 35.Health and Food Security.Though many people had experienced death as a direct result of fighting from knife wounds, bullet, bombs and landmines, but many more died from malnutrition and disease due to Maoist Peoples war. The interruption of food supplies by the security forces, the destruction of agricultural and health services infrastructures by the Maoist, resulted into diminished food intake and severe malnutrition/infections, the target always being children and the older peoples in the society. The people living in the rural area of Nepal experienced serious cutback in local food production, caused by the migration of the merchants from the rural areas, lack of access to markets due to restriction imposed by the Maoist cadres and the displacement of able human resources from the villages. 36. In one incident in particular in 2004, Rolpa district suffered from transport blockade for nearly a year, similarly four village in Acham district faced movement restriction for over year and the Doti district faced blockade of food transportation for more than 6 months, all of them were enforced by the Maoist activists. On the other hand, in order to prevent food from falling into the hands of the Maoists, the security forces had also imposed small weekly quotas on private traders of food in some district. In some cases these amounts were so small that it was not worth for merchants to long risky journey to sell it. The quotas impacted civilians more then intended Maoist force because the Maoist regularly forced the villagers to provide them with meals, leaving very little food left for feeding families. 37.Human trafficking and HIV/AIDS. Trafficking of women and girls to India and other countries is a long standing prob

Remember The Titans :: essays research papers

Coach Boone is a great example of a leader. He knows he faces a tough year of teaching his â€Å"hated† team. But, instead of listening to the hating town or administrators, Boone pushes his team to their limits and forces good relationships between players, regardless of race. His vision for the team involves getting the players concerned in what the team needs to become, and not what it is supposed to be; a waste. Boone is a convincing leader with a brutal, boot camp approach to coaching. He believes in making the players re-build themselves as a team. When Boone says,† You will wear a jacket, shirt, and tie. If you don't have one buy one, can't afford one then borrow one from your old man, if you don't have an old man, then find a drunk, trade him for his.† It showed that he was a handy Craftsman and wanted done what he wanted done no matter what it took. During training camp, Boone pairs black players with white players and instructs them to learn about each other. This idea is met with a lot of fighting, but black linebacker Julius Campbell and stubborn white All-American Gerry Bertier end up getting a strong bond through Boone's heavy discipline. Boone teaches them that they can build their strengths and look beyond when they work together. Boone also uses both power and authority with his position as Head Coach to get his way. Since he is Black and has power, the white players do not immediately accept Boone's authority. Many threaten to quit the team if Boone remains as head coach, and their parent’s pressure to move their children to other schools. Boone must use power and mind-games to force the players to tolerate each other until he can help them look beyond the racial conflict. When training camp at the college ended, the players gradually respected his leadership more and more and no longer saw his power as unlawful or hurtful. The players thus agreed with Coach Boone’s philosophy and became friends with one another. When Boone's tactics finally began to pay off, the players start to recognize who they are and where they are going in life.

Symbols and Symbolism in Strange News From Another Star :: Strange News From Another Star

Symbolism in Strange News From Another Star    Strange News from another Star is found to be a story which contains numerous symbols which in many cases contain some important, abstract information. Symbolism is something which is very difficult to explain due to the fact that not everyone sees the so mentioned symbol. They don’t quite see it as you, because no two minds are the same, which implies the fact that they don’t react equally to something which must be internally interpreted as it is not present as mere information. On this essay I will try to back up with concise words, why I believe that something is representing something abstract, as well as with information from the author. One of the first symbols that we may find, is actually the star. A star is known as a gaseous sphere, which with nuclear fusion and fission may actually give out huge amounts of energy. Obviously a star is a inhospitable place, so I believe that the star actually represents a planet or a country. The flowers, which have a very imp ortant part in the plot of the book are a symbol as well. They, have always, as least as far as I know, had a special message. A message of love, tranquillity, joy and they represent the harmony of nature itself. In the first stage of the book, we may see how a problem, the earthquake, has made the people in the star loose a vast amount of flowers. They lost some of the tranquillity and joy that had invaded their lives. And when they look for a messenger to go find flowers, they’re talking about re-finding the tranquillity and lack of fear that they wanted. I believe that the burials, actually represent life. It may sound a bit peculiar, but in real life once you get accustomed to living a happy, joyful life, you then will not be able to live without it and so, you will need to do practically anything, as the people in the star did, to find the â€Å"flowers†. The symbol of the deity that the youth saw in the temple, I understand that by the way in which the story prog resses the symbol is actually representing the fact that war, or trouble (the bird of prey) destroys all happiness or good hearted feelings. I think that the representation is what I mentioned above, because when the messenger â€Å"goes† to the foreign star he sees destruction and a total lack of joy.

Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essays -- Literature William Shakespeare E

Shakespeare's Twelfth Night A study of William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, showing how Shakespeare's choice of form, structure and language shape meaning Wit, and't be thy will, put me into good fooling! Those wits that think they have thee do very oft prove fools; and I that am sure I lack thee may pass for a wise man. For what says Quinapalus? 'Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.' Shakespeare's plays were written to be performed to an audience from different social classes and of varying levels of intellect. Thus they contain down-to-earth characters who appeal to the working classes, side-by-side with complexities of plot which would satisfy the appetites of the aristocrats among the audience. His contemporary status is different, and Shakespeare's plays have become a symbol of culture and education, being widely used as a subject for academic study and literary criticism. A close critical analysis of Twelfth Night can reveal how Shakespeare manipulates the form, structure, and language to contribute to the meaning of his plays. Form Through the form of dialogue Shakespeare conveys the relationship between characters. For example, the friendship and understanding between Olivia, and her servant Feste, the clown, is shown in their dialogue in Act 1, Scene 5. In this scene Shakespeare shows that both characters are intellectuals by constructing their colloquy in prose. Characterising Feste, Shakespeare gives him the aphorism, Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. [Feste. Act 1, scene 5] This line illustrates the clown's acumen; and is a delightful example of the way in which he uses language, as well as form to manifest Feste's character. Far from being a fool, the clown is erudite and sagely ... ...been made a fool of by all of them, and also signifies his isolation from the rest of the cast and how he has become a loose end of the play, as everybody else has found love or companionship with another person in the play. After analysing the way in which Shakespeare uses form, structure and language to shape meaning I have come to the conclusion that we are not consciously aware of these techniques when we are the audience. Directors and actors may take these factors into consideration when performing a play, to assist in conveying meaning to the audience. Different directors may interpret the text in different ways, but the play should be performed in such a way that subtle clues help the audience receive messages and understand the complexity of the developing plot, so that we are not obliged to be continually struggling to interpret the text for ourselves.

Capitalism & Socialism

A Better Change in Society Socialism and Capitalism are two different types of government. Socialism is the society were the government takes care of all individuals. There is no personal responsibility and the government owns everything but most personal freedoms are gone. Capitalism is an economical system in which wealth and the productions of wealth are privately owned and controlled rather than being state owned and controlled. Socialism critiqued capitalism for being an unfair economic structure.Before Socialism, the government was not engaged with the people, products and businesses, and taxes and classes were all functioning differently wen Capitalism was in play. What Capitalism really involves of is laissez faire, which means to let it be. In capitalism, the means of production is owned, ran, and traded for the purpose of making profits for private owners. Capitalisms’ importance is on individual profit instead of workers or society as a whole.However, on the Sociali sm side, all people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed and workers should have more rights and treated better. Socialism emphasis more on profits being distributed among the society to receiving a better wage. Capitalism was a time where government did not do much and let individuals to own their factories, houses, goods, etc. and put their own prices on them. Production are privately owned and used for a private profit. This gives motivations for producers to engage in economic activity.Once Socialism came to be, government began to act and the productions became socially owned with the surplus value produced increasing to either all of society or to all the workers of the business. The economy back in Capitalism was not very stable. Employment with low wages was affecting everyone except the rich. In socialism, there are the rich, middle and lower classes, but in capitalism there is no class that does not have its basic needs encountered. In this type of government th e rich, middle and lower classes are taxed depending on their salary, the more money made the more the tax.Taxes benefit the people and are used to support any of there programs and Capitalism has similar traits. However, in Capitalism it was more of a support to the rich only. The rich individuals goal for their business is maximizing wealth or the price of the stock of the business in order to make owners as wealthy as possible just like a free market economy, but does not befit the lower classes at all. In the Socialists point of view, Capitalism was considered an unfair form of government.Capitalism interested more on individuals’ own wealth, goods, and profits, which only benefited the rich class while the middle and lower class, had to work very hard to be able to get their money. That is why Socialism started and made everything equal for everyone. The rich were taxed more so that it would be fair any wasted the same as what a middle or lower class would waste. An impo rtant part of Socialism was that government had been more into their society and now government began to own factories, houses, and property and put it cost on it and nobody owned anything without government being engaged. Capitalism & Socialism A Better Change in Society Socialism and Capitalism are two different types of government. Socialism is the society were the government takes care of all individuals. There is no personal responsibility and the government owns everything but most personal freedoms are gone. Capitalism is an economical system in which wealth and the productions of wealth are privately owned and controlled rather than being state owned and controlled. Socialism critiqued capitalism for being an unfair economic structure.Before Socialism, the government was not engaged with the people, products and businesses, and taxes and classes were all functioning differently wen Capitalism was in play. What Capitalism really involves of is laissez faire, which means to let it be. In capitalism, the means of production is owned, ran, and traded for the purpose of making profits for private owners. Capitalisms’ importance is on individual profit instead of workers or society as a whole.However, on the Sociali sm side, all people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed and workers should have more rights and treated better. Socialism emphasis more on profits being distributed among the society to receiving a better wage. Capitalism was a time where government did not do much and let individuals to own their factories, houses, goods, etc. and put their own prices on them. Production are privately owned and used for a private profit. This gives motivations for producers to engage in economic activity.Once Socialism came to be, government began to act and the productions became socially owned with the surplus value produced increasing to either all of society or to all the workers of the business. The economy back in Capitalism was not very stable. Employment with low wages was affecting everyone except the rich. In socialism, there are the rich, middle and lower classes, but in capitalism there is no class that does not have its basic needs encountered. In this type of government th e rich, middle and lower classes are taxed depending on their salary, the more money made the more the tax.Taxes benefit the people and are used to support any of there programs and Capitalism has similar traits. However, in Capitalism it was more of a support to the rich only. The rich individuals goal for their business is maximizing wealth or the price of the stock of the business in order to make owners as wealthy as possible just like a free market economy, but does not befit the lower classes at all. In the Socialists point of view, Capitalism was considered an unfair form of government.Capitalism interested more on individuals’ own wealth, goods, and profits, which only benefited the rich class while the middle and lower class, had to work very hard to be able to get their money. That is why Socialism started and made everything equal for everyone. The rich were taxed more so that it would be fair any wasted the same as what a middle or lower class would waste. An impo rtant part of Socialism was that government had been more into their society and now government began to own factories, houses, and property and put it cost on it and nobody owned anything without government being engaged.

Medieval Times

Imagine you are in Medieval Times, the food, the people, the weapons. The bus ride was long. I could not wait to see the castle, the medieval castle looked like. I was amazed when I got to the castle. You need to work on these sentences to make your writing stronger. â€Å"Show me, don’t tell me. † Use sensory words! The last sentence (your thesis) should be 1 sentence. Try combining the last two sentences of this paragraph. Medieval Times is an accurate representation of the Middle Ages. That is because of the food and beverages, weapons, and the extras.Primarily Good transition and topic sentence. , the food and beverages were accurate. You had water to drink. The chicken was good and was a little salty, so it was beneficial to have water to drink. Also, at dinner time, a food option was soup or stew. We however Switch these words and insert a comma. did not have soup or stew because it was lunch time and not dinner. On the other hand, the weapons were realistic. The knight was training his squires with certain weapons. Like the halberd is a combination of a battle-axe and a pike.Also, the bludgeon, a type of mace, was also used. Then they were using swords. Finally, the dagger was used, a small sword. Furthermore, the extras were amazing. The dancing and bowing horse from Saudi Arabia was the best part. The falcon with the bell on his foot was also a tradition of the opening ceremony. The color of the knight’s armor and the horse’s armor also told where they came from. Like the red knight, Baron Ruiz de Roig was from Castilla. Similarly, the black and white knight, Don Iofre Santa Creu was from Santiago de Compostela.That is why I think Medieval Times is an accurate representation of the Medieval era. You do not need to tell me â€Å"That is why I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The first sentence should be the exact same sentence from your thesis. I think this because of the extras, the weapons and last but not least, the food and beverages . I do think it is a great show to see so, I do recommend Why do you recommend it? I need more than you enjoyed it. that next year’s 7th grade class should see the medieval times show. I liked it, it was enjoyable.

Childhood Obesity: A Problem in Low Income Families Essay

There are multiple reasons why low income families have children on the verge of obesity. Children with two working parents or with a single parent have limited access to healthy home cooked meals. Parent’s working odd hours in low paying jobs and unable to find the time to cook home cooked meals means children in those low income families are either eating prepackaged meals or eating take out far too often which is unhealthy. The affordability and the accessibility of nutritional foods from grocery stores and unhealthy inexpensive foods from fast food restaurants is just a few examples of why child obesity in low income families is on a rise. Childhood obesity can lead to lifelong eating and health problems. There is also a problem with the lack of physical actives in low income neighborhoods as children often don’t have places to exercise. The epidemic that is childhood obesity in America but especially in low income neighborhoods are a fact that cannot be ignored and must be addressed before these children are effected form lifelong implications. Obesity in children is defined as a Body Mass Index at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex according to a chart put out by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2011) calculates Body Mass Index using a child’s weight, height, and age. This is different than calculating a Body Mass Index for adults as age does not matter for adults, only the height and weight. There are many reasons and combinations of reasons why children become obese. Genetics can play a role but childhood obesity is generally caused by a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns resulting in excess energy intake, or a combination of the two. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Resource). Much of childhood obesity can be prevented and those who already suffer from obesity can make changes to lose weight and be healthy. It is important for at risk children and their parents to understand the severity of the topic of childhood obesity. There are great health risks for those children suffering from obesity.  Let’s Move is a government program launched by the first lady, Michelle Obama, as a part of the t ask force for childhood obesity President Obama had created as talked about on the Let’s Move website. On their site there is a list of health issues associated with childhood obesity. Research shows children who are obese can develop heart disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, plus joint problems and back pain from the strain on the body carrying extra weight. There is also mental health to consider for obese children. Depression and social issues are often found in children suffering from obesity (Let’s Move). With rising health care costs, the health issues that children can develop due to childhood obesity can hurt the financial position of the already low income and financially hurting families in America. With the invention of video games, computers, the internet, and television viewing on a rise, it’s no wonder why, President Obama stated on the White House website â€Å"Nearly one third of children in America are overweight or obese — a rate that has tripled in adolescents and more than doubled in younger children since 1980.† This is why c hildhood obesity is a serious issue that needs to be considered by parents, doctors and teachers. With children being left at home alone after school due to parents having to work multiple low paying jobs in low income neighborhoods, children are not told what not to eat and are not getting exercise. The internet being such an intergraded part of today’s life children are often spending much of their free time on the computer rather than playing outside with friends. The lack of exercise is a huge reason why children now are more obese than in previous generations. From data found in Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year Olds by Henry J. Kaiser Foundation (January 2010) It is said that children are spending approximately 7.5 hours using entertainment media, 4.5 hours watching TV, 1.5 hours on the computer, and over an hour playing video games daily. This is partly because older children are often home alone after school while their parents are working. The fact that many children are either left alone while parents work or are left in childcare makes it difficult for parents to regulate what a child is eating. â€Å"Sixty-nine percent of children under age 5 with low-income working mothers are cared for regularly by someone other a parent. Thirty-nine percent of these children are in care for at least 35 hours a week.† (The Urban Institute ). This means that children are not being monitored by parents  about what they eat and how much they ate during the day. The number of obese children in low income families in America is on a rise, 1 of 7 low-income, preschool-aged children is obese according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). According to the Clinton Foundation â€Å"nearly 25 million children are overweight or obese.† Also they report that in a study of 200 neighborhoods, there were three times as many supermarkets in wealthy neighborhoods as in poor neighborhoods leaving fast food restaurants as the most convenient meal options for low income families. Children from low income families are far more likely to suffer from childhood obesity due to the lack of supermarkets available, due to the affordability of nutritious foods, due to the lack of government funding for assistance programs, along with many other factors. Many organizations have done research on the subject of childhood obesity in low income families. Some sources have found connections between things like the number of grocery stores in comparison to convenient stores and fast food places in low income neighborhoods. For example the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) say that according to their research â€Å"Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity.† Convenient store won’t offer variety and healthy fresh foods to those families that live in low income neighborhoods. It is easy to see how there can be a link between childhood obesity and the limited access to grocery stores. Fresh fruits and vegetables are crucial par t of eating healthy and losing weight. When low income families are unable to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables due to not having stores that would supply them, there is a risk of obesity due to the lack of options. â€Å"Those with annual household income less than $24,000 reported problems accessing affordable fresh fruits and vegetables 2.5 times as frequently than those with incomes between $60,000 and $89,999 (13.8 percent vs. 5.7 percent)† (Food Research and Action Center, 2010). The Journal of the American Medical Association says â€Å"Among older non-Hispanic white children, children in families with low income were significantly more likely to be overweight than children in families with high income.† as a result to one of their many studies on childhood obesity. Though obesity rates are often talked about in the news both on TV or online, not much is offered to assist the prevention of obesity or how to effectively live healthier to and lose weight in a healthy way. There are solutions out there  and many ways to get the information needed to prevent obesity. Many organizations created to get the information to the public by the internet but it is important for this information to be available to all as not everyone has the ability get the internet. This leaves people most at risk, low income families, without the information on how to live healthier lives. Educating parents on how to feed their families healthy food are one way to prevent childhood obesity and change the eating habits of children already suffering from obesity. Also, making sure children stay active, burning calories by playing sports or riding bicycles, or general exercise routines can lower a child’s risk of obesity. Low income families may not be able to afford to enroll their children in sports. The general public needs to get involved by donating money and volunteering time for after school programs that offer children an alternative from sitting at home in front of the television eating junk food. More free after school programs in poverty stricken areas in the United States would lower the number of obese children in this country. If the general public only knew how little of their time and money is need to fund and support these after school actives that make such a huge impact on children and how it would fight a health condition like childhood obesity more people would donate and volunteer. The biggest problem in ending childhood obesity is to get more information to families on how to live healthier and eat healthier. Organizations that already deal with low income families need to offer more information such an idea of what kind of physical activities are needed to be healthy and how often to do them. Also, sample menus with easy, low cost recipes so low income families now how to save money and while still eating right However, this assistance should not stop at helping low income families as childhood obesity is not only an issue for low income families. There needs to be organizations that get involved in schools systems to give all different level of income families the information needed to live healthy and feed their family good choices. The United States Department of Agriculture has created a site called Choose My Plate (2011) which provides sample menus, nutritional facts, ways to manage your weight including different trackers to track weight loss progress, and a whole section of physical activities. There is an abundance of information that parents can use to map out meals, plan activities, and help their children lose weight to prevent obesity and help  those children already suffering from obesity. As the site states to parents â€Å"You are your children’s most important role model. Your children pay attention to what you do more than what you say.† Parents are the most critical factor in childhood obesity. It is up to the parents to create healthy food for their children. Parents who don’t eat healthy themselves are setting bad examples to their children. Much of childhood obesity can end if parents change the way their whole family eats. For low income families that may not be able to always buy healthy foods, there needs to be government assistance to help those who are in need. Both federal and local governments need to implement more programs to low income families. â€Å"Only 5 percent of all low-income families with a full-time, full-year worker receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families benefits.† (The Urban Institute). That needs to change as the cost of food has gone up which means those families that are low income but are trying to do better are those that are suffering the most. More of the government’s money must be put into programs that help feed low income families to prevent such health problems as childhood obesity. President Obama has created a task force on childhood obesity with the First Lady heading a public awareness program outlined on the White House’s website. On the White House’s website the President says â€Å"Such strategies include updating child nutrition policies in a way that addresses the best available scientific information, ensuring access to healthy, affordable food in schools and communities, as well as increasing physical activity and empowering parents and caregivers with the information and tools they need to make good choices for themselves and their families.† President Obama’s says on the website that his plan is â€Å"†¦ to solve the problem of childhood obesity within a generation so that children born today will reach adulthood at a healthy weight†. With the cooperation with local government the President’s plan could possibly be successful. There is also another way for the government to step in to end obesity. Some states have already developed laws where there are higher taxes on unhealthy foods. â€Å"Forty states already have small taxes on sugared beverages and snack foo ds, but in the past year, Maine and New York have proposed large taxes on sugared beverages, and similar discussions have begun in other states.† (Brownell, Frieden, 2009). This would be a good solution for those in higher income levels and if government assistance is helping the lower income  levels it prevents them falling into old habits of buying the unhealthy foods. With the combination of assistance for low income families and higher taxes on the unhealthy foods, the rate of childhood obesity might drop. With the findings through these government sites and organizations, the result is clear that children from low income families tend to suffer from childhood obesity more than those children from a high income house hold. This research proves the link between income level and obesity in children. Many families are unable to have home cooked meals either because of time limitations or the affordability and access to healthy food. Many families will eat off the dollar menu at McDonalds as it is cheaper than buying food at the grocery store. Fast food places offer meals with toys to attract children as well. Children in low income neighborhoods often don’t have access to healthy foods like fresh produce. There are also few places for recreation for children in low income neighborhoods. Those children can miss out on physical activities that would burn calories preventing obesity. People should be more aware of this issue that Americans, especially the children face. This means addressing the issue of cost of fast food, especially the more unhealthy choices at fast food restaurants, and the grams of fat in these foods. The facts show that children from low income families have fewer choices for healthy food due to the high cost of fresh food in comparison to the affordability of fast food which contributes to child obesity. References American Medical Association. (2001,October). Low Family Income and Food Insufficiency in Relation to Overweight in US Children. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Retrieved from http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?volume=155page=1161 Brownell K.D., Frieden T.R.(2009). Ounces of prevention—the public policy case for taxes on sugared beverages. New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0902392 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April). A Growing Problem. Overweight and Obesity. Retrived from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/problem.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April). Basics About Childhood Obesity. Overweight and Obesity. Retrived from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April). Data and Statistics: Obesity rates among all children in the United States. Overweight and Obesity. Retrived from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/data.html Food Research and Action Center. (2010) Food Access & Affordability. Retrived from http://frac.org/reports-and-resources/food-hardship-access-to-fruits-and-vegetables/ Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2005, March 9). Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year-olds – Report. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/entmedia/7251.cfm Lets Move! (n.d.). Health Problems and Childhood Obesity. America’s Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids. Retrieved from http://www.letsmove.gov/health-problems-andchildhood-obesity The Urban Institute. (2005, August). Low Income Working Families: Facts and Figures. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/900832.pdf United St ates Department of Agriculture Choose My Plate. (2011). Dietary Guidelines Consumer Brochure. Retrieved from http://www.choosemyplate.gov/print-materials-ordering/dietary-guidelines.html U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources/Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (n.d.).Childhood Obesity. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/child_obesity/ William J. Clinton Foundation. (n.d.). Facts About Childhood Obesity. Fighting Childhood Obesity: Alliance For A Healthier Generation. Retrived from http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what-we-do/alliance-for-a-healthier-generation/why-childhood-obesity-/facts-about-childhood-obesity White House. (2010, February 09) Presidential Memorandum — Establishing a Task Force on Childhood Obesity. Retrieved from. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/presidential-memorandum-establishing-a-task-force-childhood-obesity