Drug Addiction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 868 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Drug Addiction: Disease or Habit? When people hear the words drug addict, these words have negative connotations and stigmas attached to them. People visualize a person who does not care about anything, including family, work, or commitments, except for obtaining money to buy drugs to get high. However, there are many people who are drug addicts that maintain a normal, functional life. Most people who are drug addicts would give anything to kick the habit; they do not enjoy the high anymore. The problem is, they can’t. Addiction, defined by Webster, is a compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance characterized by tolerance and by well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal. So, if the addicts want to stop, why can’t they? Is drug addiction a disease or habit? Drug dependency takes a long course from action to habits to compulsion. The personal effects of prescription drugs is a topic that hits home for me. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drug Addiction" essay for you Create order I have had many friends lose their lives due to prescription drugs, literally and figuratively. Some were thrill-seekers, some just curious; some tried drugs because their friends used, or they wanted to be perceived as cool. Even more susceptible, though, are the many people who use drugs in order to cope with unpleasant emotions and the difficulties of life. They see drug usage as a way to escape their problems, but in all reality, the use of drugs does nothing but make their problems worse or even create new ones. Whether it be for the thrill or distraction, one thing is clear: no one plans on being a drug addict; it takes time. A person will start using the drug of his or her choice for a temporary fix, and before long, they are using more and more of that drug as well as experimenting with different types of other drugs. So, by the time they realize they have a problem, the user has lost his or her ability to control the drug use; they can’t quit. If a person using drugs wants to stop, but can’t, addiction has to be more than just a habit. I will need to do more research, but in this portion of my paper I would like to explain the journey that drugs take through the body. This way, I can convince the readers that drug addiction is more than a habit, and can be considered a brain disease. I will use the information I gained in my psychology class in college where we spent a lot of time going over the science side of addiction and what it does to the brain. It allowed me to see addiction as a brain disease rather than a compulsive habit and that helped me deal with the loss of my friends. I will explain the way that prescription pain killers mimic the endorphins, the body’s natural â€Å"feel-good† chemical and how the brain will eventually become tolerant to the â€Å"fake† endorphins and depend more and more on pain killers to keep from experiences withdrawal symptoms. Nowadays, it seems like there is a pill for everything. The media tries to convince consumers that they need a pill to cure ailments they didn’t even know they had. Also, doctors have been irresponsible when it comes to prescribing habit forming drugs, especially to young adults. I have a friend, Brandon, whose leg was run over by a tractor when he was eighteen years old. The doctor prescribed him an extremely high dosage of pain killers and before he knew it, he had developed a high tolerance for them. Once his leg was healed, he wanted to stop taking the pain killers, but his body went through a state of withdrawal. He wanted to stop taking the pills so bad that he checked himself into rehab. However, in order to get off of the pain killers, the doctors put him on methadone; a pill prescribed to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs. Methadone may help relieve withdrawal symptoms from opiates, but is habit forming also, which means it will pose withdrawal symptoms when the patient tries to quit taking it as well. When trying to stop taking methadone, Brandon experienced nausea, vomiting, twitching, shaking, sweating, and blackouts. He couldn’t sleep or eat for days. If these symptoms were advertised, instead of the euphoria they show young adults now, there would be less dependency on prescription drugs. Drug addiction is a disabling disease and can ruin a person’s life. By taking drugs, a person’s brain becomes â€Å"rewired† to tolerate high amounts of dopamine neurotransmitters, but once those high amounts of dopamine cease to exist, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms. Whether you call it a habit or disease, either way it is a problem that needs to be dealt with. Drug addiction is not just a problem for young adults between the ages of 18 to 25; it is a problem with children at age 12, all the way to senior citizens. I believe if children are able to see drug addiction as a disease, then maybe, just maybe, they will be able to make the right decision regarding the beginning use of prescription drugs.

Film Review Dracula By Bram Stoker Essay - 1789 Words

Whenever a novel is published, there usually is a movie to follow, but one may wonder why they are so different. Some believe filmmakers make changes in order to shorten the book into a movie. Trying to keep the film watchers engaged, there are many ways to change a novel into a completely different story, whether it has to do with changing the roles of the main characters, scenes, theme, time period, or even the overall story. After reading the gothic book Dracula written by Bram Stoker in 1897, it is amazing how the storyline is similar to the 1931 horror film, Dracula directed by Browning, starring Bela Lugosi. However, they differ in many key characteristics confusing the audience. Although the Dracula novel and the film are similar in many aspects, the directors of the 1931 Dracula give different roles to the main characters, exclude major sexual content, and amplify the character of the Count to bring out the monstrosity in an attempt to better fit the time period. Throughout the 1931 film, Dracula the filmmakers change the roles of the main characters in Bram Stoker’s novel. After understanding the storyline of the book, one might be very confused when watching this film. The directors take the characters from Bram Stoker’s book and switch them around, giving the main roles to other individuals. One may say the filmmaker does this to prove the monstrosity of the Count in the 1931 film. As Reinfield leaves the castle he is all messed up and confused due to Dracula’sShow MoreRelatedFilm Review : Dracula By Bram Stoker Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to having to shortening the novel into movie. Trying to keep the film watchers engaged, there are many ways to change a novel into a completely different story, whether it has to do with changing the roles of the main characters, scenes, theme, time period, or even the overall story. After reading the gothic novel Dracula written by Bram Stoker in 1897, it is amazing how the storyline is similar to the 1931 horror film, Dracula directed by Browning, starring Bela Lugosi. However, they differ inRead MoreAbraham Stoker and Theater1231 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham (Bram) Stoker began his life bedridden, weak, and helpless. Stoker, third of seven children, was born in Clontarf, a suburb of Dublin, on November 8, 1847 (Whitelaw 9). His parents were Abraham Stoker, from Dublin, and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley, who was raised in County Sligo (â€Å"Bram Stoker†). He spent most of his early childhood laying in bed, watching his brothers and sisters play outside through a dusty old window. â€Å"As a child, he wondered if he would get sicker--if he would endRead MoreAbraham Bram Stoker: A Brief Biography705 Words   |  3 PagesAbraham Bram Stoker, born in Dublin on November 8, 1847, was an Irish novelist, theatre critic and short story writer. As a child, Stoker was often ill and he spent most of his time in bed. His mother, who was as a charity worker a nd a writer, told him horror stories that, most likely, had influenced his later writings. The ones he found most interesting were the stories about the cholera epidemic in 1832, which killed thousands of people in Europe and North America. In 1864, Stoker enrolled at theRead MoreEssay about Bram Stoker1449 Words   |  6 PagesBram Stoker Bram Stoker unleashed his horrific creation on an unsuspecting world over one hundred years ago. One could hardly imagine that his creature of the night would delight and inhabit the nightmares of every generation between his and ours. Count Dracula has become an icon of evil, and is perhaps the most widely recognized bogeyman in all of world literature. To date, there have been over one hundred films made about Dracula or other assorted vampires, not to mention countless novelsRead MoreBram Stoker : Father Of All Vampires1786 Words   |  8 PagesEric Ruiz Mrs. Cahill English 5/7/2017 Bram Stoker: Father of All Vampires There are a lot of new horror movies coming soon to theatres this 2017, and they have tons of hype building up from people all over the world. There was also a recent social media phenomenon that took place where random people would roam the streets in the dark, dressed as evil clowns, only to terrify and spook the public. The popularity of the horror genre is only increasing and advancing as the years go by, but who wereRead MoreHow Dracula Is The Most Famous Literary Vampire1658 Words   |  7 Pages An Immortal Soul: Why Dracula is the Most Famous Literary Vampire The title character and antagonist of Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula is an easily recognizable character in the Western canon. Without ever reading the book or watching any of the countless movie adaptations, people will craft vampire characters with feelings and behaviors nearly identical to those of Dracula. However, Dracula’s success is not because it was the first novel of its kind. Vampiric literature had been around forRead MoreSubverted 19th Century Traditional Social Mores and Norms in Dracula1059 Words   |  5 PagesMores and Norms in Dracula Bram Stoker’s Dracula remains one of the more recognizable novels of its genre despite being published in 1897. A classic horror story which has been retold and produced over and over again since its original publication, Dracula was especially disturbing when it originally was released because of how Stoker attacks Victorian era social mores and norms throughout the entire novel. Stoker subverts traditional 19th Century social mores and norms in Dracula through the portrayalRead MoreComparing Bram Stoker’s Dracula and the 1972 Film Blacula Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesBram Stoker’s Dracula is not only a classic story of men and monsters, but a dramatic reactionary work to the perceived threats to Victorian society in nineteenth century England. In modern times there have been many film adaptations of the novel, each developing a unique analysis or criticism of the literary text within the framework of the society and time period in which it was created. T he 1972 film Blacula is one of the most culturally specific variations on the story of Dracula, and highlightsRead MoreBram Stokers Dracula: A Variation of a Classic Work in Modern Time1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath of his one true love, as he chose to become the undead. Director, Francis Ford Coppola, in his work, â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula†, reaches beyond the words to prove Dracula was more than a monster in creating the movie. Coppola focuses on Dracula as a man, as well as a knight, who is both deeply in love with his church and his bride. The historical elements in the writings of Bram Stoker come to life more so in Coppola’s work with the movie, than in the book. My goal of this paper is to prove howRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Modern Vampires on Society1980 Words   |  8 Pagesbought the first book because I was wondering why this genre is so famous. I was surprised and I continued reading. Then I researched further. I was a kind of skeptical, b ut also addicted reader. Finally, I made a conclusion that Bram Stoker, the author of the novel â€Å"Dracula† is certainly turning over in his grave. After I got used to the fact that in this century vampires in literature are vegetarians, spark in the sunlight, all of them are attractive creatures with a 17-year-old body, but with a 104

Australian Airline Industry Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Airline Industry Literature Review. Answer: Literature Review Performance of Australian Airline Industry Research Hypothesis 1: Australian Airline Industry Performed well over the Global Peers in Last few years Australian airlines have been doing great work in the industry of global airlines. Most of the companies in the region are flying on profitable routes. Passenger volumes are pretty high and the companies are known for the kind of service they provide. So in the period when global airlines revenue declined 5.0% in 2015 and is expected to fall another 2.6% to $709.0 billion in 2016, the revenues in Australian airline industry has rose by 18%. Overall, revenue is anticipated to grow at an annualized 12.6% over the five years to 2016. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain exten t, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed literature review we will focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. According to Leo Seaton, the joint venture between the Australian and Singapore airlines is being defined in the article. Both of the airlines help in generating profit for their country as well as for their airlines. For developing an overseas subsidiary, it is essential to identify the environment and economic aspects of the different country in order to identify suitable profit and loss generated in the business. In this article, the specific listing of well defined airlines is being identified. The major types of airlines are the Qantas, Alliance, Jet star, Virgin and many other airlines and these airlines are expanding their subsidiaries in an overseas market (Seaton, 2014). The author also specifies that the merger is performed between the two countries for the specif ic airlines and the merger cost is about A$12 million. In this article, the positive perspectives related to the joint ventures are highlighted which may help in increasing the annual amount by nearly 14.4 percent. It is also observed that the market of Singapore will grow between A$ 2.3 Billion to A$2.8 Billion by the year 2020. This intimates the suitable growth of the Australian airlines in the coming years (Times, 2016). Qantas Airways and its Partnerships Research Hypothesis 2: Local Australian Airline Players have not been able to Foster International Partnerships According to the article defined by CAPA, it is identified that specifically the Qantas airlines is successful in developing economic perspectives by coordinating with the Emirates airlines. The Qantas airlines are considered as the most progressive airlines and assists in defining the most developed aspects. The article shows that by collaborating with the Emirates, the issues related to the quality, performance and other aspects have improved initially (CAPA, 2016). In the article, it is also recommended that the unusual rules and policies of the Qantas airlines have also been removed, by which the chances of growth may also elaborate simultaneously. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The Australian industry is known as one of the most advanced and progressive airline industry in the world. The companies in the industry offers its customers wide range of services both in Australia and the other global region where it operates. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. What are the Concerns which are Ailing the Industry? Research Hypothesis 3: Australian airline industry is facing some major operational concerns in international markets The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA Data IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. IATA estimates the average industry profit margin will reach 8.8% in 2016, largely due to a drastic decline in oil prices. In order to maintain margins in a competitive Australian industry, airlines have resorted to increased automation such as self-check-in, online check-in and online seat selection. Such measures have been fruitful in restricting employment growth in this industry to a mere 0.6% annualized rate over the past five years. The industry is expected to employ 2.1 million workers in 2016. As the industry entered a mature phase in its life cycle in the United States, merger and acquisition activity increased substantially. Other than the important deals mentioned above, Southwest Airlines also merged with AirTran. As the Australian Airlines industry starts to transition to a mature phase, it is expected to go through a similar transition phase, signs of which became apparent over the past five years with a large decline in the number of companies operating in this industry. IATA expects the trend in industry consolidation to continue over the five years to 2021. To that end, the number of industry enterprises is expected to decline an annualized 5.0% to 1,251 companies. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not bee n able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Summary of annual RPT activity YESep 2015 YESep 2016 Growth Total passengers carried 57.33 million 58.69 million 2.4 % Revenue passenger kilometres 67.62 billion 69.09 billion 2.2 % Available seats 76.62 million 77.23 million 0.8 % Available seat kilometres 88.45 billion 88.93 billion 0.5 % Load factor 76.5 % 77.7 % 1.2* Aircraft trips 633.8 (000s) 638.1 (000s) 0.7 % The price of oil is expected to remain low compared to its levels in 2013 and 2014, which is expected to sustain the high level of profit margins enjoyed by industry operators in 2015 and 2016. IATA expects profit to account for 8.5% of revenue in 2021 as greater consolidation eases some price competition while cost-cutting improves efficiency. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Ailing Finances Globally, not seen in Australian Airlines Research Hypothesis 4: Australian Airline Industry is ahead on Financial Point of view compared to its Global Peers The average industry operating profit margin, measured as earnings before interest and taxes, has recovered over the past five years after being severely diminished during the Australian recession when a worldwide contraction in flying activity and high fuel costs put extreme pressure on margins. During this time, a number of airlines operated at a loss and were forced out of business or had to merge with other airlines. Typically, airlines in developed markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, are exposed to slimmer profit margins, as their markets are mature and competition is strong. Profit in regions with less competition and growing demand for flying, such as Asia, have higher average margins. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The research question focusses on how it can be imperative for companies globally to merge together and serve as major entity. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Conclusion We have seen how companies need to combine globally to achieve the same efficiency as they have achieved in their local markets. It has been recently that organizations are increasingly focusing on cleaning up operations so that all major hurdles can be avoided. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain extent, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed litera ture review we have focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. References: Bricki, N. Green, J., 2016. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology, Available at: https://fieldresearch.msf.org//msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research%20methodology.pdf CAPA, 2016. Is Qantas and Australias aviation system in meltdown? No, but challenges are all around, Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/is-qantas-and-australias-aviation-system-in-meltdown-no-but-challenges-are-all-around-142638 IATA, 2012. The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, Available at: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Economics%20of%20JVs_Jan2012L.pdf Kain, J. Webb, R., 2003. Turbulent Times:Australian Airline Industry Issues, Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10 Peersman, G., 2010. Overview: Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Impact Evaluation: UNICEF, Available at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/brief_10_data_collection_analysis_eng.pdf Seaton, L., 2014. Tourism Australia deepens tourism ties with Singapore Airlines, Available at: https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/media-releases/Media-releases-Tourism-Australia-Singapore-Airlines.aspx Stylianou, A., 2016. Content Analysis: Qualitative or Quantitative research approach?, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Content_Analysis_Qualitative_or_Quantitative_research_approach Times, L. A., 2016. Australian Airlines News, Available at: https://articles.latimes.com/keyword/australian-airlines

International Business Entry Strategy

Executive summary Greener is a multinational corporation in the Argentina specializing in timber production. The company intends to enter the North American market to enhance their global trade. This article discusses the international entry strategies that can be employed by the company in order to enhance their chances of success.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Business Entry Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the paper discusses the reason for entry in the different market and how management deals with the different cultural practices of the new country. The paper also observes the organizational systems and the controls that the company may adopt to succeed in the new market. Lastly, there is comprehensive discussion on how the company may use the technology adopted from the new market to enhance trading activities in their country of origin. Background of the Study With t he increased competition and saturations in the domestic markets, it has become inevitable for companies to increase their market share by going global. For the companies to ensure that they survive, increase their income and grow, they are forced to exploit and find opportunities in newer environments. However the process of invading, penetrating and the coming up with an internationally acceptable product is a tedious activity. A company entering into a new market faces a variety of challenges since it lacks a lot of the basic requirements that enhance success. With no basic infrastructure such as marketing structure, organizational structure, organizational control and no prior knowledge of the new market the efforts required to penetrate are similar those observed in the early entrants. Pan and Tse (2000) intimated that the entry of a firm into a new market is similar to an early entry strategy in a business. Greeners Company is faced with similar challenges when choosing to ent er the market in CanadaAdvertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Companies choose to enter the global market due to a variety of reasons. Usually the principle reason for seeking new markets is the observation that indicates there is demand in the new market. Besides this fact, companies may choose to enter the global market scene in a move to unsettle its competitors who have entered into such a market recently. This move is usually made in order to disallow the competitor a chance to gain significant merit by trading alone in the new market (Brouthers and Brouthers, 2000; Singh, 1995). It is becoming a practice of corporations to enter new markets in order to learn from the different business culture. Learning process can be induced through partnering with local distributors also referred to as joint ventures or establishing wholly owned ventures. Researchers have found that l earning through partnerships is usually ineffective and tedious means of acquiring information (Aulakh et al., 2000; Kostova and Roth, 2002; Kuada and Sorensen, 2000). Moreover, it does not contribute the process of a company establishing itself as a viable global competitor. Apart from the reasons mentioned above companies may choose to penetrate into the foreign markets in order to gain the advantage of receiving government aid. Some governments offer incentives to companies that export in order to boost countries exports. This incentive may act as a source of drive to companies and lead to them entering international market (Fisman, 2001; Doh, 2000). Companies employ a variety of methods and strategies to enter into new markets. Among the strategies used is a pattern known as ‘increasing commitment’ (Souvik, 2006). This pattern is used by companies to reduce the risk involved in entering a new market. Under this strategy, the company starts by exporting a negligible amount of its products to the target company. Thereafter, the company may employ the services of a local distributor to enhance their knowledge of the market. After gaining sufficient knowledge of the prevailing market conditions the company may start operating a directly controlled branch since it can compete more or less equally with the other businesses in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Business Entry Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Choice of modes of market entry strategy is generally determined by the degree of risk, amount of control required, costs and the amount of returns that a company expects from the new market (Dow, 2000; Davis et al., 2000). Companies that adopt a low profile entry strategy usually minimize their risks. These companies are not burdened with task of establishing offices. Moreover, they have no responsibility of investing in distribution in frastructure, extensive staff recruitment and marketing campaigns. However, such companies will also have very little knowledge on most elements that are in existence in the market where they are operating (Eden and Miller, 2004). Information such as the market share that they command, information on consumer behavior and information on prevailing prices will generally be missing in the database of such companies. On the other hand, companies that choose a high profile entry strategy are faced with the problem of exposing themselves to high intensity of risk (Souvik, 2006). However, these companies have greater control of the information flow. Information on matters pertaining to consumer behavior, prevailing price levels, and the market share will be available for companies that choose high profile market entry strategy (Souvik, 2006). Companies choose their market entry strategy depending on the amount of risk they can handle. Companies that have a low propensity to handle risk wi ll choose the low profile entry strategy while companies with a high propensity to handle risk may decide on either of the two strategies depending on company policies and governance. Risk is one of the factors that determine market entry strategy. However, firms experience risks in various forms (Salas-Porras, 1998). This paper concentrates on the role played by financial and marketing risks in choosing a market entry strategy. Most entities have the sole objective of maximizing profits. Therefore, the financial risk involved while entering a new market is one of the major considerations that companies observe. Low profile entry minimizes the financial risks involved when entering a new market. However, in such a case the marketing risk increases since the parent company has no direct control over the subsidiary.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to beat the marketing risks companies have to be able to handle the financial risks presented by the market. Therefore, most companies that are not well equipped to handle the financial risks choose to ignore the market risks when entering via low profile market entry strategy (Hunt, 2000; Scott, 1999). The general assumption among multinational corporations is that market entry strategies that served their purpose previously in one market may be equally good in another market. The strategies used by these corporations are usually for the purpose of enhancing their competitiveness by ensuring that the brand name, their suppliers and managers are well recognized in the market. However, these strategies ignore the fundamental principles of marketing (Schlossberg and Deford, 1992). Each market is unique on its own way according to the principles of marketing. Therefore, to penetrate a new market, companies need to study the uniqueness of the market. This will enable the compan ies to identify the requirements that will lead to success. Simple economics require companies to adapt their commodities to meet the market demands and conditions. Multinational corporations that are more experienced in penetrating new markets devise means of adapting to the local market conditions. This achieved by coming up with new brands, new packaging methods, and new distribution channels (Souvik, 2006). Brief Background of the Company Greeners Limited is a multinational company specialized in logging. The company is located in Mexico City and operates several wholly owned subsidiary companies in Malaysia. The main activities in the subsidiary sawmills involves converting raw tree logs into high quality building grade timber to sell in the Malaysian market. Greeeners Limited releases timber products that are standardized in order to meet the market demands of the countries it is operating. Each country has its own standards. Greeners Producer Limited has been operational for the last fifteen years with the subsidiary companies in Malaysia being operational for the last five years. Throughout this time, the company has been working effectively and efficiently by ensuring it incurred minimum operational costs to achieve maximum output. To support the general activities in the company, Greeners has adopted a general organizational structure that is composed of a general manager who controls all the operations of the company including the subsidiaries. Under the general managers are the junior managers who head the subsidiary companies within Mexico and those outside Mexico. All the subsidiary companies are divided into four major departments: logging, production, packaging, and shipping and maintenance. Most of the timber products from the company are sold within the market of production and aggressive marketing is unnecessary due to the small difference in timber products. The company’s major objective is to become a leading producer of timber prod ucts in the world. Moreover, the company intends to maximize its profits by minimizing operational costs and achieving maximum outputs. Therefore, the directors and managers of the company are usually under pressure to exploit opportunities in new markets. With this in mind, the company is looking for options in different countries where it can expand its market and global power. Market entry strategies and risks involved For market entry strategy, Greeners Limited may choose either of the modes of entry (low profile entry or high profile entry). The low profile entry may be used to avoid financial risks. Since Greener Producer Limited originates from a Latin American country, the cultural business practices are different from those that operate in Canada (Dominguez and Brenes, 1997). A direct entry into the market may be risky for the company. Therefore, to achieve their goal of getting a fully owned subsidiary without risking much of their finances the company may start by using f oreign direct investment in a saw mill in Canada (Grosse and Trevino, 1996). Once it is able to grasp sufficient knowledge of the Canadian industry, then the directors can move to fully own the business entity. Another method of entry into the Canadian market may be by the high profile direct entry. The company can choose to invest fully into the market in Canada and experience the market forces first hand. However, entering the market via high profile entry requires a lot of commitment from the parent company. This is because the company may face a variety of challenges. Example of challenges facing a multinational that tries to penetrate a new market includes: The challenge of choosing a location Cultural challenge Organizational structure Technological challenges. Therefore, a multinational that chooses to use high profile entry strategy has to consider these challenges in order to survive the market. Factors Leading To Choice of Country Recently the management of Greeners Limi ted has detected an opportunity to increase their global market share by penetrating the Canadian market. The major reason for the company’s decision behind investing in Canada is the availability of timber and ready market for timber products. The Canadian economy depends on its forests (Dufour, n.d.). The forest covers an approximate of 418 million hectares that has been approximated to be 45% of the total area of Canada (Dufour, n.d.). This is approximately 10% of the world’s forest cover. The forest products earning in Canada exceed the amount of earnings generated by agriculture, automotive, and fishing industry. Canada’s lumber industry has experienced stability in the prices and production after the world’s recession (John, 2008). Despite the fact that the lumber prices are still a bit lower than those in the previous prices before recession, these prices represent a significant increase in prices. Therefore, the timber companies in Canada and the rest of the world are bullish about the prices of timber. These factors combined with the fact that the Canadian lumber sectors have undergone restructuring presents an attractive prospect for Greeners Limited to enter into the market. However, while entering a new market a company requires a convenient location to set up their subsidiary. The best choice of a location is dependent on various factors. The most important factor to consider is the nature of business. Business entities should ask themselves questions such as What are the company objectives? What are the market demands? Is labor available at the location? is power/energy available? With these questions in mind then the business entity is ready to choose a location. The best location for a timber processing company is near the source of raw material. This is because timber is a bulky product and transporting it over long distances may lead to incurring a lot of costs. When considering the second question about the mark et demands the company should consider the needs of their customers. In some industries the customers come to the business to collect the products while in some businesses it is the responsibility of the producers to supply the goods. In cases where the customers come to the producer then the location of the producers can be located where they can minimize their costs. Availability of labor is also an important factor in determining the location of a business. A business entity is usually located in areas where the company can obtain labor cheaply and conveniently. The prime objective of the organization being to minimize costs while having maximum output, the company should find a location that suits their goal. The location should be easily accessible and close enough the source of timber to minimize transport costs. A good location to locate a mill in Canada would be Highland East Ontario. This location is ideal since it was once a mining community (HECP, 2011). This means that t he area has enough labor to enhance the process of logging. Moreover, a highway passes close to the area (HECP, 2011). This means that the means of transporting the logs from and to the market is available. The area is also close to the area where the logging activities take place is therefore an ideal place where costs of logging process and labor can be minimized. Cultural challenges Canada and Mexico are two countries with different business cultural practices. According to Doh et al. (2003), the Latin American business culture is affected by corruption. This is unlike the Canadian market where corruption may be considered negligible. Therefore, when management of Greeners Limited attempts to enter the Canadian market, the differences in business cultural practices may be a major barrier. Whereas in Mexico and Malaysia corruption is high and multinational exploit the resources without consideration of the people (Adeola, 2001; Chandler and Werther, 2006). A good example is the ca se of Malaysia Penan tribe of Borneo rainforest. This tribe faces major social challenges due to invasion of the forest by the government and multinational corporations. Corruption by the government and the multinationals is rampant and affects the indigenous people. Taking a multinational companies operating under these conditions, like Greeners Limited, and incorporating them into the Canadian market, they tend to find operations difficult. Another cultural barrier that Greeners limited may experience is the difference in language. While Canada is an English speaking country, Mexicans speak Spanish. Therefore, the difference in language may pose a challenge to the parent company. Therefore, in order for Greeners Limited to penetrate the Canadian market, the company needs to overcome these cultural barriers. The best way of overcoming the issues on corruption is by strictly adhering to the rules set by the Canadian government and regulations set by the forest authorities in Canada. On issues to do with language barrier, the company may use the force from within Canada and avoid outsourcing. Moreover, their general managers can undergo training to ensure that they are well versed in English language. This enhances the process of communication between the parent company in Mexico and the subsidiary in Canada. Organizational Structure and technological Challenges When a multinational company enters into a new market, the organizational structure and control structures are bound to change (PRS, 2004). A company in a new market is faced by new challenges that require new ways to manage them. Experienced multinational corporations employ a small degree of change to their structure in order to adapt to the new markets. Canadian lumbering industry, for instance, has adopted new structure to enhance the demand of their timber product. Unlike in Malaysia and Mexico where the marketing is not needed Canada has high competition among companies (Dufour, n.d.). Their timbe r products are differentiated by the packaging methods and the technology employed in processing. The higher the quality of technology used the higher the quality of the timber products. Therefore, for Greeners Limited to maintain the quality of production and the degree of competitiveness, it must adopt the technology used by the companies in Canada. These technologies can be exported back to the other subsidiaries and the parent company to ensure that the company can meet its objective of becoming a world leader in timber production. Moreover, Greeners Limited needs to change its organizational structure and incorporate a marketing department that is highly efficient. This would ensure that the company competes with the other companies in Canadian market. Apart from these two factors, Greeners Limited is required to incorporate new control systems in their company structure. Controls ensure that the company assets are safeguarded. Moreover, controls ensure that the company can kee p track of its labor force. Lastly, controls ensure that employee adherence to management policies. Choosing the time of entry Another challenge that faces Greeners Limited is the time of entry. Choices on time of entry into a market are affected by several key factors (Rodger, 1999). To analyze the most suitable time of entry, directors of Greeners may use the PESTLE model. This model will enable the company to comprehensively determine a precise time to entry enter into the Canadian market. This model involves six important factors that may interfere with the time of entry, analyses them and provides the means of determining the time of entry. To choose a comprehensive time of entry, Greeners Limited must gain knowledge on the political situation in Canada. Factors, such as the foreign policy between Canada and other countries, are usually determined on a political basis. Moreover, the degree of government intervention in the markets may also be influenced by politics. Therefore, the most suitable time for Greeners to enter the Canadian market would be during the time when the political environment were calm and could accommodate a new entrant from different markets and countries. Since Canada is highly democratic and the country is not at war, Greeners may enter the market at any time. Economic factors are also important in determining Greeners’ time of entry. Factors, such as the market interest rates, inflation and rates of exchange, may influence the time of entry as well. It is advisable for Greeners Limited to consider these factors before the company starts trading in a new market. Higher interest rates reduce the level of investment; inflation, on the other hand, induces higher wages, thus the rate of exchange may affect the levels of profits (Rodger, 1999). Taking these into account, Greeners will be able to enter the market at a time when those factors do not greatly interfere with the company’s profits. Social factors include tribes and social groups that segregate humans interfere with the market trends (Rodger, 1999). It is important to observe the social factors before entering a new business environment. This is because social structure determines the buying habit of consumers. To maximize their profits, Greeners is supposed to enter the market after doing a thorough research on the society it is going to run business with. Therefore, Greeners Limited may only ether the market at a time when the company has sufficient knowledge on the society it is going to trade with. To choose a suitable time of entry, Greeners is supposed to observe the technology advances in Canada. Thereafter, it must incorporate this technology into its production process. This will enable the company to compete with the other sawmills in Canada. Therefore, Greeners Limited can only enter into the Canadian market after adopting all the necessary technology. In the lumbering business, environmental factors play a major role in determin ing the time of entry. This is because the growth of trees is highly dependent on the climate, and weather conditions. Moreover, the ease of timber is dependent on the weather. Therefore, in case Greeners Limited wants to enter the Canadian market, the company should avoid the winter season. Legal reasons also play a major role in determining the time of market entry. A company may begin trading only if it acquires all the legal documents that allow it to trade in a given market. Similarly, Greeners must obtain all the legal documents required in Canada to begin trading. Therefore, after taking all these factors into consideration, Greener Limited can decide to enter the market in a period of one year after scouting the market and ensuring it fulfills all the requirements that will enable the company to trade. Recommendations As discussed above, Greeners Limited is required to choose a location that will meet its objective of cutting costs. Preferably, Highland East Ontario, this is because this region posses all the characteristics of a good location for setting a business. On the case of cultural issues, the company should find a means of adhering to the laws and business culture in the Canadian markets. Adoption of technology to enhance the activities of the multinational is a recommendation to management of Greeners Limited. 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