Traditional Capsules

Traditional capsules formulations Consists of a 2 piece hard gelatin shell, with a powder blend. Typical formulation would be:- Active Diluent Glidant Lubricant Wetting agent Capsules have advantages as oral dosage forms: Easy to administer, simpler formulations (Vs tablets-fewer stability problems) Taste/ odour masking Potentially good bioavailability Liquid filled capsules -Advantages 1. Dose Uniformity In a powder capsule for potent drug choice the problems are achieving homogenous mix at the required scale of scrutiny. To overcome this problem we could formulate as a solution; 100% homogenous.Filling liquids also avoids problems of poor powder flow; if this occurs during filling, can lead to variation of fill weight. (with a 1% possible) . 2. Patient safety compliance/consumer preference Softgel capsule shel soft/flexlble; popular dosage form, due to ; Ease of swallowing Absence of taste Convenience (portable, robust) Soft gels capsules can be formulated to be taken In different ways; Chewable or lozenges Twist-offs (with a tag allows access to contents) 3. Increased Bioavailability Dissolution of drug from solid state (I. e formulated as an ordinary tab/cap) can be rate limiting step.This often true for non-polar drugs. But In llquld fill cap, drug Is In a form from which It can be absorbed rapidly. Drug being In solution has additional advantage (I. e Vs tablet, fro low solublllty drug) Reduces varlablllty of drug plasma levels (between patients) 4. Safety Powder processing of very potent or cytoxlc drug hazardous; dust contamination avoided by solution. 5. Olly/low melting point drugs Dlffllcult to make Into † normal† tab/cap (drug could partly melt during compression) 6. Product stablllty Drug can be protected against 02/H20 by using llpld vehicle and soft gel shell.Considerations for Capsule shell Having llquld In direct contact with the shell -more potential for formulation -pack Interaction, particularly affecting Integrity. Therefore, an y trace of water cannot be used because water dissolves gelatin hence won't work. Llqulds can be filled Into Dotn sort ana nara cap- out OITTerent conslaeratlons apply. can't necessarlly Till same formulation into both types, need to think about composition of the shell itself (gelatin) Gelatin for Hard Capsules Main problem Liquid fill hard gel caps is; Residual moisture loss†¦. rom the shell into the formulation Hydrogels require 13% to 6% level of moisture, to retain strength. Hence hygroscopic solvents cannot be used as excipients in liquid filled caps since they might take up some water. E. g ethanol, liquid PEG, glycerol, PG. (all these cannot be used for hard capsule) During preformulations studies, we have to check that excipients are compatible with shell. Excipients that can be used for hard capsule; Lipophilic liquids/semi solids e. g arachis, castor, olive oils. Also some surfactants & emulsifiers. As an alternative, could consider HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulos e) caps.Residual water not so important for integrity of shell, so wider range of olvents may be possible. Gelatin for soft capsules â€Å"Formulation† of soft gel caps themselves are different to hardgel . Typically the gelatin plus: Plasticiser ( to give flexibility). Often 20-30% Glycerol is frequently used Water; lower residual level than hardcaps, 5-8% Colourant /opacifier Lower water level needed for the soft caps means ; hydrophilic solvents e. g. PEG 400can be used unlike for hard gels. (but need to be aware of migration into shell) Manufacture of Hardgel Caps In brief, Formulation is pumped into bottom half of shell, then cap is replaced.Issues for manu. Hardgel caps Formulation viscosity (liquid & semi solid possible) Temperature of filling Sealing of capsule shell afterwards NB: Therefore need to consider physical aspects of formulation, as well as filling equipment available. Rheological Considerations Simplest formulation is a solution in which active dissolves, at room temp. Very precise control of filling possible. In-soluble active If active is not soluble, could consider using elevated temperatures, up to 70Deg. Celcius. (Above this could damage the shell) But when the temperature falls again, inside the shell drug would re-precipitate at RT.As a consequence resulting particle size will be important (bioavailability). Another problem; Recrystallized/suspended drug inside capsule shell wil; have a potential to cake re â€Å"normal† suspension, could get crystal growth. t Is posslDle to Till a suspenslon out tnen anotner proDlem to solve; May oe a to keep homogenous, during filling. 2 Alternatives for insoluble drugs; 1 . Thixotrpic gel; Undergoes shear thinning during mixing/filling. so then enough to but gel resets in capsule Typical formulation- Lipophilic solvent (oil) *gel-former (e. g. silicon dioxide).Silicon ioxide only forms a gel in a lipophilic environment. 2. Thermosoftened system Formulation is a liquid or suspension a t (elevated) filling temperature, but solid or semi solid at RT. Typically based on a high molecular PEG, eg PEG 10,000 (soft but solid) If drug crystallises, will need to consider resulting particle size as previously. Manu. Of Hardgell caps cont'd a)Filling- Hardgell caps On a development (small) scale, can use a syringe. Large-scale machines use volumetric pumps- hopper and nozzle can be heated. Up to 100,000 caps/hr possible.

Jewellery Sector in West Bengal

The main purpose of this study was to examine the migration profile of the workers in the Gold and Jewellery Sector of West Bengal and also to study the process of skill formation of the workers in this sector. The entire study was based on a primary survey conducted on a sample size of 60 individuals spread over 4 different regions of West Bengal – Sinthi, Bowbazar, Basirhat and DomJur. In the first part of my study, I examined the pattern of migration of the Jewellery artists in these areas. I also cited the existence of a large number of in-migrants, circular and return migrants in this ector.In the next part, I studied in details the process of skill formation of the workers and showed how the period of apprenticeship was crucial in the career of a jewellery artist. I also explained the wage vriation between the skilled, unskilled and semiskilled workers in Basirhat and also attempted to establish a link between skill, income and migration of the workers. In the last part of my analysis, I attempted give a comparative study analysis of these areas with respect to the nature of the migrant workers, conditions of work, income and pattern of migration.Acknowledgements I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Swati Ghosh, Department of Economics, Rabindra Bharati University, who was extremely helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance. Her willingness to motivate contributed tremendously to the succesful completion my project. Deepest gratitude is also due to Prof. Sukanata Saha without whose knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful.To the Jewellery workers and shop-owners of Sinthi, Bow Bazaar, Basirhat and DomJur, I whole heartedly thank you for your kindness, co-operation and patience. Without your support, this project would not have materialized. I would like to exp ress my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Kaushik Mukherjee (Bowbazar), Mr. Subhash Sarkar ( Atoshi Jewellers, Basirhat ) for their valuable help and guidance during my survey. And last but not least, special thanks also to all my class-mates, for sharing the literature and providing invaluable assistance during the survey.

Week One Journal

Week One Journal Alicia Campbell COM 320 March-Eleventh, 2013 Sheila Yarbrough Week One Journal This is the start of a long journey in learning to enhance my interpersonal communication skills. I know there is much in store to learn and I plan to take full advantage of the ideas to help me succeed. There are many elements in the communication realm and I never would have thought that they fit somewhere in my life; however, I learned differently. I experience source-receiver every day when I talk to my husband about his day at work or just playing with my boys.Encoding-decoding is done daily as well when I instruct my four-year-old to complete a task and I know when he completes it, he has decoded what I instructed him to do. I experience competence every day as well in the form of communication I use with my husband vs. my children. When I put myself together to go out because I want to look presentable to others, I am giving them the message that I care about how I look because I wa nt to make a good first impression. When I am on Facebook daily; I am channeling my friends and family when I post messages for them to read.Context comes in my free time, when I have a chance to glimpse through a magazine; I will most likely read cover articles than any of the others. This is a physical dimension of context. My youngest son sees the Dr. monthly, and she uses doctor jargon, which is difficult to comprehend which is a form of noise. I learned ethics from a very young age; I was taught to respect my elders, talk politely, and listen. I realize all these elements incorporate in my life somehow I will take them into account more often.By taking the quiz in chapter one, I learned I do not know much about my interpersonal communication skills. I did not realize that all of the answers were supposed to be false because I answered some true. Most of these statements were generally false; however because each of these statements is a learned skill because you are not born a competent communicator. Therefore, I plan to practice ways to improve my communication skills with people from different walks of life. One thing I did not realize is that quality matters over quantity in the amount of communication skills with others.Because I do not have much adult interaction throughout the day (stay-at-home mom), I try to choose my words wisely when I do have adult interaction. In the context of the situation, I need to remember to adjust my communication type. I just experienced this the other day when my son came to me crying because he got hurt; I got down to his level and told him everything was going to be all right versus laughing at him. This also goes along the lines when communicating with people of different cultures; people with different backgrounds attribute different meanings to a message.I experience this firsthand when I was employed, I had to choose what I discussed and how to choose my words carefully because women from different ethnic backgro unds were employees that may take the topic of discussion more to heart. I know I am a person who tries to avoid meeting new people if I can help it; I am a very shy person. However, I am getting better at this quality. I am the one that waits for the other person to talk; I reply back. Practicing this fear will help regardless. Another point to remember is to keep from avoiding conflict.Every once in a while some type of conflict is healthy for a relationship. I do not see this, though, because I have so many people that tell me this since my husband and I rarely argue. Personally, I do not see how conflict is healthy for a relationship. Even though I communicate with people verbally and nonverbally daily, I did not know the true definition of interpersonal communication and what it entailed. I think it is important to study interpersonal communication because I will need use these skills for the rest of my life and studying it will only help me get better at the qualities I am not so good at.Once I get better at communicating in different situations and with different types of people, I will come across more professional at job interviews and relate to people more effectively. Looking back at how I have communicated with people in the past and what I have come to just shows that the world moves at a much faster pace than once was. One area I hope to improve on is this, I used to write hand-written letters to my husband; however, time is changing so now all I do is Skype or e-mail when he deploys.I still need to be thankful though that he has the opportunity for this; however, it would be nice to get a letter every once in a while. It just seems life has us moving in fast forward these days. So, I hope to get as much from this class as possible. The areas I need to improve on are all of them from what I see. I want to learn how to communicate more professionally with people of higher stature because I always get nervous, which makes me sound like I am not con fident when on the other hand I want to communicate at an effective level.In general, I want to become a more confident speaker and lessen my fear of speaking with new people. I plan on soaking up all the information this course throws my way and use it to my advantage. Interpersonal communication is part of everyone’s daily lives. I am going to take in every idea this course has to offer and my communication skills should get better as time progresses and make me a more confident person in all aspects of life. These girls look like they are sharing secrets and the girl with the shocked facial expression shows me that she is receiving the message from the source.This man is using his messaging skills because he is showing he knows how to make a good first impression. Man and woman experiencing conflict and man trying to block her out by holding up his hand which shows me he is refusing to listen to anything she has to say. This is a form of psychological noise. This woman is receiving a hand-written letter via mail (the medium), which is a form of channeling. I see this photo as a form of encoding-decoding. The parents are reading the book to the boy and he is showing that he understands what is read (decoding) by laughing.When this woman chooses to read a topic from the front cover that caught her eye, she is showing an example of context in the physical dimension. These two women are doing a form of gossiping, which goes against an individual’s ethical standard. The patient is conversing with the doctor in a way that aligns with her competence. This means she is adjusting her communication style because of the person she is talking to. References Alo Mukerji. (2010). [Photograph of two woman what looks like gossiping]. Retrieved from http://blog. compete. com/2010/11/01/the-latest-gossip-on-a-site-about-gossip-tmz/ Bridal Guide. 2012). [Photograph of woman getting her hair done while reading a bridal magazine]. Retrieved from http://www. bridal guide. com/blogs/bridal-buzz/david-tutera-bridal-guide-cover-shoot Classroom Tales. (2010). [Photograph of parents reading little boy a book, and he is laughing] Retrieved from http://classroomtales. com/2010/10/09/580/ Digital Den. (2011). [Photograph of two girls one whispering to the other]. Retrieved from http://thedigitalden. files. wordpress. com/2011/10/bigstock_secrets_910281. jpg P. Nannini. (2013). [Photograph of woman getting letter out of a mailbox].Retrieved from http://providencepcc. org/awesome-things-getting-a-handwritten-letter-in-the-mail/ Regrounding. (2011). [Photograph of female patient talking to doctor]. Retrieved from http://regrounding. wordpress. com/2011/07/06/the-arts-of-doctoring-and-patient-ing/ Younglifeperception. (2012). [Photograph of man in suit reaching out to shake some ones hand]. Retrieved from http://younglifeperception. wordpress. com Younglifeperception. (2012). [Photograph of man and woman fighting; man putting up his hand to block her out] . Retrieved from http://younglifeperception. files. wordpress. com

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Project On NCO Essay Example for Free

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Because experience teaches us that there are some people that only learn by stripping them of their funds. There are others that the mere threat of that loss will keep them on the straight and narrow for 20years to come. And the officers that I know that are the biggest benefactors of professional courtesy deliberately disobey laws because they believe they can do so with impunity. A warning isnt going to do it for them. An example is a Passaic County Sheriffs Office incident. The Virginia deputy stopped them, advised them of the applicable law, asked them to obey it, and did not cite anyone. Everyone agreed that he was polite in doing this. The guys pulled back onto the highway resumed doing exactly what they were doing before, and then tried to get the deputy fired when they got home. I hereby submit my Post Violation Report due to my misconduct. Over speeding is the main cause of so many accidents in the army base and other areas in the United States of America. I strongly believe that I was not supposed to go against the ethics, rules and regulations in the base. As an NCO am supposed to set out a good example to all other ground men. However in every day world, we sometimes find ourselves in such situations. In most cases it is not due to our own will but we accidentally find ourselves between a rock and a hard place and therefore try to get ourselves out of it. This being the first time I have done this, I know I have not done such a big criminal activity. I never said that I dont commit traffic violations. I think Im pretty careful, but I have missed stop signs, exceeded the speed limit, failed to signal a turn, etc., like everyone else. So far, either I have been lucky or my violations were not so flagrant that they merited a stop. But after pushing a patrol car around for 13 years, I have to say that I cant remember even once forgetting which car I was in, the patrol car or my personal car. And even in the patrol car, if I committed an intentional traffic violation, it was to accomplish some job-related task, like get turned around to chase a violator or in the field and have to ignore some rules to in order to hit the target. It has never occurred to me to try this in the field of work nor in my private missions without a good reason. If your situational awareness is so poor that you cant remember whether youre on or off duty or which car youre driving, your problems go way past an officers’ discretionary decision making, and your head is definitely in the clouds. I think its interesting that you claim that you would have no problem with ignoring a lawful direct order from a superior officer, but you would fear retaliation and would decline to take enforcement action on a clear violation of the law if an officer was involved. If this is truly the situation youre working in, your agency is in serious trouble. Maybe so, but so what? You never had a brain fart, or were on automatic pilot, you unfortunately can’t control all this. I admit however that on several occasion, when driving off duty in my private vehicle I have driven in the midnight hours because I forgot I was driving in my personal vehicle. Missed to obey the signs and instructions to the drivers. I am not advocating for over speeding in any way, and never have advocated for the same, writing every Amy officer you stop. That is just as much an abuse of discretion as not writing anyone who is an NCO. RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN NON COMMISSIONED OFFICER The duties and responsibilities of NCOs has remained the same for quite a longtime.As an NCO I should be responsible for the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should know where your soldiers live and how to contact them Use the unit to accomplish, as many missions as possible and at all cost never give out volunteer troops. Managing a specific launch vehicle System administration with decision-making authority. Training new Operations Safety Technicians In fact sometimes it has never been a prudent thing to do some of the following: Sending food back to the kitchen. Telling your significant other you have had better. Commenting in front of your boss I can find a better job tomorrow! Dating a co-worker/boss/bosses daughter. At one point I found myself over speeding just because I could not let it go or because I needed to hit some deadlines. Because most of the violations were not all that grave and my impression was that I had a wake-up call from the stop itself. Was I driving safely? Mission accomplished. But the guy that clearly knows what I was doing got me stopped, and who will resume that same activity as soon as were done because we thought he had the right to do that, if not a ride in the back seat. As I qualified many times prior, anyone can talk themselves into a ticket. Just because you are military or physician does not mean I don’t run your driving license. I never said that every one of these members gets a pass, I have written military, physicians and other army officers. Here are the facts, I would like to assume that a member of our armed forces is a reasonably decent individual service that few would undertake and regardless of station they deserve my respect and appreciation. Discression is a funny thing. Where you might exercise it, I might not. Where you think me lax, I might think you unnecessarily harsh. Though you are correct in the spirit of your argument, its execution is not so easy. If this were easy, anyone could do it. I made discretionary decisions every day, and I dont think I was harsh with them. The difference is that I used criteria that were relevant to the situation and that I could defend to anyone that questioned why I had done what I did. You want to bring in criteria of your own choosing that are based on your fears and biases. Overcoming fear and bias is something every one of us has to do in order to be an army officer. , or you get out. I could have shined on any or all of these people, and no one would have known except them and me. As for is Fort Jackson SC cop that I didnt know was a cop until after I had issued the ticket, he probably deserved a warning, as he was an out-of-towner who was unfamiliar with the intersection and turned left in violation of a posted sign. The cop part of it had nothing to do with whether it was a bad decision or not. One of the sergeants tried to condemn me within the department for comforting another ground officer and that upset me very much. One more thing: say youre driving around tomorrow in your private vehicle running errands, and you run a red light. No intent to break the law; you just got distracted for a second, make decision without influence, and accept whatever consequences follow your conduct. Some examples where premeditation discretion, in and of itself, doesnt make sense: there comes a time when you have to attend to an emergency, and here is where our perspectives diverge. All of those applications of premeditated discretion to use your term are enacted pursuant to due process of law and legislation, formulated in compliance with the set out rules and regulations in the base, and is promulgated to the citizenry. As noted above, a large number of substantially contemporaneous timing violations in a particular module can be the result of a single cause. The violation time is the difference between the given speed limit and speed you have exceeded, and is calculated from the limits (setup or hold) and the difference in time between the clock and data events. The first warnings are used by the script to report consolidated information regarding multiple timing violations that occur at a particular module. ACCOUNTABILITY OF AN NCO Senior leaders, must afford these to junior troops: Responsibility, to instill a sense of worth, pride and accomplishment; Authority, to effectively carry out tasks they are responsible for; Accountability, for actions right and wrong; and Assistance, to help junior troops learn from leaders experience and expertise. Such actions by leaders are vital to developing junior troops who will be tomorrows leaders. Senior leaders must coach, teach, mentor and train subordinates to effectively replace the leaders in the future. EXPECTATIONS Looking at what American military officers expect from their senior NCOs and vice versa. Officers in the U.S. military expect their senior enlisted leaders to be tactically, technically and strategically proficient; to be professional beyond reproach; and to be the eyes and the ears for the commander the voice of service members and their families. Senior NCO leaders should expect several things from their commanders and carry out the following: Trust and accord respect. Direct and open communication. No one has permission to stop me from seeing General Pace These are not a right, but must be earned through consistently professional and proficient actions. Freedom of movement throughout the command. You need to tell that commander, Sir, I need to have freedom of moment throughout my area of responsibility. The only way I can advise you is if I see it, Senior U.S. NCOs are empowered in many ways. However, empowerment is not about having power per se, but about influencing junior troops to do the right things. Infact power is not an issue; the big concern is how leaders exercise influence over their subordinates. Maintaining good order A person assigned as an NCO should be responsible for a defined common area within the barracks, e.g., hallways, laundry rooms, dayrooms etc., in writing and post this NCOs name. Conspicuously in the vicinity of the assigned area. This NCO will, at a minimum, be responsible for reporting common area deficiencies to the Battalion RU NCO. This person will sign for any furnishings and other accountable property located outside of individual soldier rooms. Maintain room assignment rosters for the barracks. Assign soldiers to barracks by requesting that the FMO issue barracks furniture to occupants. Units may appoint a barracks manager or similar person to assist in managing this function. Non-commissioned Officers (NCOs). NCOs have the primary duty of maintaining the health, safety, welfare and discipline of the soldiers assigned to them. These duties extend to: Ensuring that their soldiers have a healthy and safe living environment that complies with the Army values and enhances unit readiness and discipline. NCOs are the key element of command. Presence in the barracks. NCOs may exercise this leadership as common area NCOIC, SDNCO, And CQ. NCOs will also exercise this leadership as first line and higher supervisors of soldier’s Living in the barracks. At a minimum, NCOs will: Conduct inspections IAW Chapter 4 below. Monitor all barracks activities to ensure compliance with the letter of this regulation and the spirit of the Army values. Ensure the barracks are the safe, healthy environment for soldiers and other NCOs. Inspect barracks furnishings for accountability and serviceability. Barracks Commanding Common areas. Assign an NCO to be responsible for a defined common area within the barracks, e.g., hallways, laundry rooms, dayrooms etc., in writing and post this NCO’s name conspicuously in the vicinity of the assigned area. This NCO will, at a minimum, be responsible for reporting common area deficiencies to the Battalion RU NCO. This person will sign for any furnishings and other accountable property located outside of individual soldier rooms. Maintain room assignment rosters for the barracks. Assign soldiers to barracks by requesting that the FMO issue barracks furniture to occupants. Units may appoint a barracks manager or similar person to assist in managing this function. Supervision Under supervision the NCO is required to motivate and control the following: Counsel soldiers and maintain counseling records. Conduct corrective training when required Keep soldiers informed during their work and events taking place and exercises. Enforcing the equal opportunity program in the forces CONCLUSION As a Non Commissioned officer I understand that by over speeding in the base posed a srious danger to me and also to the other officers on duty. This was actually putting my life at risk. Also as an officer who is supposed to be a good example to my subordinates, I acted in a manner trying to suggest that is not a good example. I strongly  believe that this was a great mistake and am determined to rectify any harm that may have been caused by my misconduct    REFERENCES. Robert Sterling Rush (2006) Non Commissioned Officer Guide Stackpole Books, United States. 2. United States Court of Claims, (1988) Federal Reporter, West Pub. Co 3.Braham Clark Freeman, The American states report,   Ã‚   Published 1895, Bancroft-Whitney Co. Publishers 4.By Lawyers Co-operative, (1905) Lawyers’ Reports Annotated, Publishing Company Lawyers Co-operative Pub. Co.

Calculating Cargo Load

Calculating Cargo Load MV STC Bulk Carrier is a geared handy max bulk carrier with five holds and a DWT of 49500T (summer). SHIPS GENERAL PARTICULARS NAME: STC BULK CARRIER TYPE: BULK CARRIER DWT SUMMER:49500 T DISPALCEMENT SUMMER:57923TONNES DISPLACEMENT WINTER:56423TONNES NUMBER OF HOLDS:5 (ALL CAN CARRY HEAVY ORE ) CRANES:430 TONNES HEAVY WEATHER HOLD:NO 3 BALLAST PUMP CAPACITY:2x2000T/Hr CONSUMPTION: FO-32TONNES PER DAY DO-2TONNES PER DAY IN PORT FW-4TONNES PER DAY IN PORT AND AT SEA SEA SPEED:14 KNOTS The ship has received the voyage orders as follows: Discharge bulk sugar SF 1.224 m3/tonnes at Jubail using 3 vacuum discharge at a rate of 250t/hr per vacuum discharge Load maximum cargo of sulphur SF 0.87 m3/tonnes with 4 shore feeders at Sharjah.Maximum draft at Sharjha berth is 15 metres Vessel will receive the required bunkers for the voyage at Sharjah after cargo operation. DISTANCE FOR THE VOYAGES Distance Dar Es Salam to Jubail is 3744 Nm Distance Jubail to Sharjah is 373 Nm Distance Sharjah to Summer Load Line is 3210 Nm Distance Sharjah to Melbourne is 6490 Nm The vessel is presently in tropical zone and will be entering the summer zoneÂÂ   on its way to Melbourne , so cargo should ne loadedÂÂ   keeping in mind that the vessel should be at here summer marks an arrival at summer load line i.e zone allowance should be added to get the correct value of cargo to be loaded . This assignment covers a detail calculation on how to get the total amount of cargo to load when vessel will be entering from one zone to other and different loadicator conditions . ANSWER: Gather information relating to the cargo from the IMSBC, company procedure, flag state requirements. Check if the cargo is in group A, B, C Sulphur is in Group B and Group C. The IMSBC states that the group B cargo of sulphur cannot be carried in bulk so we will be carrying group C sulphur cargo. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION OF HOLDS Tool box meeting to be carried out (MCA, 2016) Risk assessment to be carried out (MCA, 2016) Communication to be checked between the hold ,bridge and cargo control room (MCA, 2016) The cargo hold to be properly ventilated , gasses to be checked and a permit of work to be issued (MCA, 2016) (IMO, 2016) Dunnages to be removed if any. Bilges to be cleaned and dry (PI, 2002) Strum boxes, bilge covers, sounding pipes and thermometer pipes should be cleaned and not be defected Bilge suction of each hold to be tried out and bilges in good order (IMO, 2016) Bilges to be covered with burlap. The ventilation should be tried out Any damage in the cargo hold to be repaired (MCA, 2016) Hatch covers and entrance to the holds to be tried out for water tightness (PI, 2002) Hatch track ways to be cleaned (PI, 2002) All lighting arrangement in holds to be checked and any damaged or not workingÂÂ   ones to be replaced (MCA, 2016) Fire detection extinguishing system should be checked (STC, 2017) A thorough hold inspection to be carried out (PI, 2002) Crew should wear helmets, gloves, boiler suits, dust masks and gum boots at all time during cleaning process ,safety harness to be used when working aloft in the holds (MCA, 2016) DB tanks to be pressed to check if any leaks in the holds. Discharging of hold washing water should be carried out in accordance with MARPOL Annex V regulation 4.1.3 6.1.2 (IMO, 2011) Test entries to be logged down (STC, 2017) Any special requirements by the terminal, owners or flag state for hold preparation should be carried out. ADDITIONAL PREPARATION FOR SULPHUR CARGO Fresh water washing of holds to be carried out. (PI, 2002) (IMO, 2016) Fire line to be rinsed using fresh water from fresh water tanks using a GS pump. Once the line is flushed make sure that the anchor wash and all fire hydrants are shut (PI, 2002) Holds and bilges to be completely dry before loading (IMO, 2016) Electric equipments in holds nearby spaces should be intrinsically safe or if not then they should be isolated (IMO, 2016) Ventilators Spark arrestors to be inspected repaired if required (IMO, 2016) Bilge pumping arrangement shall be inspected for satisfactory operation lime washing should be done on tank top and lower sections of cargo spaces (IMO, 2016) Upper part of the hold shall have a sound coating of paint, if any paint has been pilled off then that area shall be painted (IMO, 2016) Any loos corrosion shall be removed (IMO, 2016) Machinery and equipments to be covered to protect it from small sulphur dust particles (IMO, 2016) ANSWER HAZARDS OF RAW SUGAR AND SULPHUR RAW SUGAR Sugar dissolve when comes in contact with water, this may result in formation of air pockets in the body of the cargo as the ship moves (IMO, 2016) (PI, SEPT 2006) It has a tendency of self heating/spontaneous combustion. It should be loaded well clear of places having source of ignition or heat Sugar has the tendency to absorb order (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Raw sugar gets contaminated (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Shrinkage or shortage of cargo due to loss of water vapour (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) InsectÂÂ   may be formed in sugar which can lead to diseases (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Sugar ifÂÂ   melted may form sticky syrup like form (PI, SEPT 2006) Raw sugar has a distinct molasses smell that will spoil other cargoes (Thomas, n.d.) Raw sugar has a higher moisture than refined (Thomas, n.d.) SULPHUR Flammable and may have dust explosion during loading and unloading If catches fire emits harmful gases It reacts with sea water and produces corrosive acids and suffocating gases Sometime of granule sulphur behaves like grain which may result in shifting of cargo Dry sulphur does not react with bare steel, but wet sulphur (sulphur containing free water) is potentially highly corrosive (PI, 2002) When sulphur is loaded, any retained free water filters to the bottom of the holds during the voyage From there it is pumped out via the bilges (PI, 2002) Person may get a burning sensation in eyesÂÂ   when loading sulphur PRECAUTIONS WHEN LOADING AND DISCHARGING RAW SUGAR IN BULK Should be loaded away from the source of heat. NO SMOKING near the area of loading sugar (PI, SEPT 2006) The ships hold should be cleaned well before loading and should be free from any odour Proper PPE to be worn by crew at all the time Dust clouds should not be formed during loading Temperature and moisture contains of sugar to be monitored during loading and carriage and if required ventilation should be carried out to avoid caking Fermentation may result in formation of CO2 gas. Holds must be ventilated before entry and atmosphere to be checked (BMTSURVEYS, NOVEMBER 2013) Loading operation should not be carried out in case of rain Care must be taken to make sure that hot sugar is not loaded into a bulk carrier intended to sail through cold waters to its discharging port, as change in temperature establish within a cargo can result in moisture transfer, and this in turn can cause caking of the cargo (Thomas, n.d.) PRECAUTIONS WHEN LOADING AND DISCHARGING SULPHUR IN BULK Smoking and hot work shall not be permitted in cargo spaces and nearby area All spaces and storerooms adjacent to the cargo area should be properly ventilated and proper precautions should be taken when entering in cargo hold and atmosphere should be monitored A fine spray ofÂÂ   fresh water is used to keep the dust down The loader should be positioned properly to avoid formation of dust clouds Loading operation should not be carried out in case of heavy rain Proper trimming of cargo to be done Surface ventilation must be carried out as required duringÂÂ   the voyage Face mask and eye protection should be worn at all times Lime washing of the tank top to be carried out cargo holds and bilges do be completely dry to prevent corrosion The upper part of the hold should be painted and pilled of paint should be repainted to avoid corrosion (IMO, 2016) Protect the machinery and equipments from small dust particles of sulphur (IMO, 2016) If sulphur catches fire, it should be smothered with more sulphur or with a very fine spray of fresh water not salt water (Thomas, n.d.) There is danger of dust explosion with powdered sulphur during loading and whilst cleaning the holds of sulphur (Thomas, n.d.) The shipper is required to provided the information regarding the cargo to be loaded as per SOLAS 1974 Chapter VI Reg 2 and the IMSBC Code section 4.2. Shipper may deliver this declaration by fax or other electronic device. In any electronic device where the signature of the declaring party cannot be transmitted full name of the declarant in capital letters must be provided on the form (STC, 2017) Cargo information shall be confirmed in written and by suitable shipping document before loading (IMO, 2016) Document should contain following information. The BCSN (IMO, 2016) The group of cargo (IMO, 2016) IMO class of the cargo (IMO, 2016) The UN number if applicable (IMO, 2016) The total quantity of cargo to load (IMO, 2016) The stowage factor (IMO, 2016) If trimming required and the procedures for trimming (IMO, 2016) Angle of repose (IMO, 2016) If the cargo has a likelihood of shifting (IMO, 2016) Moisture content certificate (IMO, 2016) Transportable moisture limit value (IMO, 2016) If the cargo may form a wet base (IMO, 2016) Toxic or flammable gases emittedÂÂ   by the cargo (IMO, 2016) Flammability ,toxicity, corrosiveness of the cargo (IMO, 2016) Self heating properties of the cargo if any (IMO, 2016) Gases emitted if in contact with water if applicable (IMO, 2016) If the cargo has any radioactive properties (IMO, 2016) And other information required by the national authorities (IMO, 2016) Whether the cargo is harmful to the marine environment (IMO, 2016) Shipper details (STC, 2017) Transport document number (STC, 2017) Means of transport (STC, 2017) Place of loading (STC, 2017) Port of discharging (STC, 2017) Additional certificate like weathering certificate ,exemption certificate if applicable (STC, 2017) Human health criteria data (STC, 2017) To obtain the information require by the section 4 of IMSBC code the shipper need to get the cargo properly sampled and tested (IMO, 2016) When water is found cargo holds loaded with bulk cargo there are a many reasons and each should be taken into account (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) The water may be given out by the cargo or there is a leak in hatch covers. It may have entered through any access hatch or an open sounding pipe. Water may have sipped in through a crack in the deck or the hatch coming or through a damaged ventilator (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) Ship staffs should have an accurate idea of the capacity of the hold bilge wells i.e. the greatest value are the sounding of the bilge when full and the approximate tonnage of water contained by the bilge when full (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) Aboard a ship which is well maintained the possible cause for an increased hold bilge sounding is that water has drained from the cargo into the bilge. When water is drain from the cargo there are two key requirements. The water must be pumped out of the bilge and not allowed to flood the hold, and the tonnage of water removed must be logged. It is advisable to keep a record of the tonnage of water discharged from the hold bilges, as recommended by the UN Draught Survey Code24 and in some trades it is a charter party requirement (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) When soundings are found to be rising for no reason a problem must be suspected and the hold must be investigated for a leak. The accessibility to the hold will depend upon the quantity of cargo, speed of flooding, shifting cargo and dangerous gases. If the hold can be safely entered, taking all precaution for enclosed space entry it may be possible to find an explanation for the flooding. If the hold cannot be entered, a careful exterior inspection of the compartment in search for any fitting which is improperly closed or damaged. If the sounding is found to increase whenever the vessel ships water on deck, a leak at deck level should be suspected. If the flooding continues at the same rate, or an increasing rate, at all times it suggests that the damage is below water level (PI, 2017) (Thomas, n.d.) FOLLOWING ACTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT Firstly find out the amount of water in the hold and the root cause of water ingress Carry out a risk assessment of the situation Check the sounding of the bilges ballast tanks ,fuel oil tanks, void spaces etc No cargo operation to be carried out in hold No1 until total assessment of situation carried out Stability of the ship to be checked If entry in hold is to be done then ventilate the holds and work permit to be issued Inform the terminal about the damage Calculate the total amount of cargo damaged Make a log book entry of all the events Make sure all man holds nut bolts full tight and gasket in good condition Check comings, booby hatch entrance and deck plaiting for leakage Make sure all the bilge valves are properly shut Do not allow anyone to take pictures of the hold without permission If cargo damage is found, contact PI correspondents and ask them to arrangement of a survey. Following information to be given to correspondents:- name of the vessel, date of the incident ,place of the incident , cargo particulars, quantity of damaged cargo, amount of the damage, location of cargo, bill of lading no, loading port, loaded quantity ,cause of the damage, contact details of the agent ETA/ETD of the vessel (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Try to control further damage by taking all possible measures for lessening of damage unless such would involve a risk to the vessels safety (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Take photos of the damaged cargo and the suspected causes (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Log book entries like, sea conditions, weather and wind force (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Sea protest should be filed at next calling port, if the damage was caused by bad weather (PICLUBJAPAN, n.d.) Make sure all time delays have been logged FOLLOWING PERSONS TO BE INFORMED Owners Charters and sub charters Manager Local agents Vessels insurance club e.g. PI DPA Technical superintendent of the ship Terminal Class of the vessel OTHER REFRENCES (Swedishclub, 2013) (PI, 2017) (WEST OF ENGLAND , n.d.)Q10 PROCEDURE FOR MAINTAINING THE CARGO LIFTING PLAN Regular maintenance should be carried out in order to keep the equipment in good order (MCA, 2006) (MCA, 2016) Inspection of the equipments should be carried out by a competent person. It should be carried out as required by the Regulations but in any event at least once annually (MCA, 2006) (MCA, 2016) Check for defects like cracks, corrosion and wear and tear that could affect SWL (MCA, 2006) (MCA, 2016) If in doubt about the equipment has , exceeding the Safe Working Load (SWL), or subjected to treatment likely to cause damage, it should be removed of service till a competent person carries out an examination (MCA, 2016) (MCA, 2006) Regular greasing of equipments to be carried out (MCA, 2006) The condition of all ropes and chains should be checked regularly and damaged once to be replaced .Shackles, links and rings should be renewed if damaged (MCA, 2006) Examine the structure for any damages (MCA, 2016) There should not be any trapped water inside the Gantries (MCA, 2016) Limit switch, stop botton, controls and brakes to be checked on regular basis (MCA, 2016) Makers specific parts to be used if any parts are to be replaced. Once any maintenance is done the equipment should be examined by a competent person before using it (MCA, 2016) Cranes: The annual inspections and periodical thorough examination shall be carried out. Inspection and maintenance should be carried out as per the Planned Maintenance schedule (PIUK, n.d.) The following things shall be inspected for signs of deformation, corrosion, cracks, etc Crane Jibs Winch and the foundation of the winch. Goose neck, blocks, shackles, hooks, spider bands etc Marking on the gear should be checked and clearly visible locking arrangements of all shackles and blocks to be inspected lubrication of all the parts should be carried out as per the lubrication plan in plan maintenance system All wires shall be inspected for any damages Hydraulic systems to be inspected for proper functioning Blocks: Annual inspection of blocks to be carried out. Responsible Ships officer should carry out periodic inspection of the blocks on a periodical basis. Carry out the inspection and maintenance as per the PMS (PIUK, n.d.) Following checks to be carried out Check for free movement of sheave heads and swivel Check grooves on sheave for wear and tear Check if any distortion or damage on side plate. Check for any play in the axel pin Check that the thread of the pin is in good order . Check split pin and Grease nipples and markings should not be painted . Lubrication to be carried out as per the lubrication chart Slings:(PIUK, n.d.) Slings should be annually inspected Responsible Officer should inspect it before use Periodic inspection should be carried out a per PMS During these inspections the following shall be checked:- Check if any broken strands, kinks and corrosion. Check rings, thimbles, for damages, deformity and corrosion. Slings should not be used if any signs of damage Lubrication as per the manufacturers Check the tags on sling and compare it with the certificate. A sling without a tag should not Wires: Wire ropes should be inspected regularly and replaced if stands broken, kinked, worn, or corroded. They should be lubricated and renewed as per the PMS Reference (MCA, 2016) (MCA, 2006) (STC, 2017) (PIUK, n.d.)

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Abstract TO DRUG TARGET For the past few decades, there has been a respectable exploration interest in the territory of drug conveyance utilizing particulate conveyance frameworks as transporters for little and huge particles. Particulate frameworks like nanoparticles have been utilized as a physical methodology to adjust and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different sorts of drug particles. They have been utilized within vivo to secure the drug element in the systemic course, confine access of the medication to the picked destinations and to convey the drug at a regulated and managed rate to the site of activity. Different polymers have been utilized within the detailing of nanoparticles for drug conveyance exploration to expand helpful profit, while minimizing side impacts. Here, we survey different parts of nanoparticle plan, characterization, impact of their attributes and their requisitions in conveyance of medication atoms and restorative genes. Introduction for reflective statement The utilization of nanotechnology in medicine and all the more particularly drug conveyance is situated to spread quickly. At present numerous substances are under examination for drug conveyance and all the more particularly for growth help. Interestingly pharmaceutical sciences are utilizing nanoparticles to diminish lethality and symptoms of medications and up to as of late finished not understand that transport system themselves may force dangers to the patient. The sort of perils that are presented by utilizing nanoparticles for medication conveyance are past that postured by traditional dangers forced by chemicals in established conveyance frameworks. For nanoparticles the information on molecule danger as got in inward breath lethality demonstrates to the way industry standards to explore the potential perils of nanoparticles. The toxicology of particulate matter varies from toxicology of substances as the forming chemical(s) could conceivably be dissolvable in living lattices , therefore impacting incredibly the potential introduction of different inward organs. Then again, retained species might likewise impact the potential lethality of the breathed in particles. Discussion For nanoparticles the circumstances is distinctive as their size opens the potential for intersection the different living hindrances inside the constitution. From a positive perspective, particularly the possibility to cross the blood mind hindrance may open new routes for medication conveyance into the cerebrum. Whats more, the nanosize likewise takes into consideration access into the cell and different cell compartments including the core. An incalculable number of substances are at present under examination for the arrangement of nanoparticles for drug conveyance, fluctuating from organic substances like egg whites, gelatin and phospholipids for liposome’s, and moresubstances of a chemical nature like different polymers and strong metal holding nanoparticles. It is evident that the potential collaboration with tissues and cells, and the potential harmfulness, incredibly relies on upon the genuine arrangement of the nanoparticle definition. This paper gives a review on a p ortion of the as of now utilized frameworks for medication conveyance. In addition the potential useful utilize additionally consideration is attracted to the inquiries how we ought to continue with the security assessment of the nanoparticle plans for medication conveyance. For such testing the lessons gained from molecule lethality as connected in particle toxicology may be useful. In spite of the fact that for pharmaceutical utilize the current prerequisites appear to be satisfactory to identify a large portion of the antagonistic impacts of nanoparticle definitions, it cannot be normal that all parts of nanoparticle toxicology will be distinguished. Thus, likely extra more particular testing might be required. Later years have seen exceptional development of exploration and provisions in the territory of nanoscience and nanotechnology. There is expanding confidence that nanotechnology, as connected to drug, will acquire critical developments the determination and medicine of malady. Designed nanoparticles are a critical device to understand various these provisions. It must be distinguished that not all particles utilized for therapeutic purposes go along to the as of late proposed and now by and large acknowledged meaning of a size ≠¤100 nm.however, numerous tests must be overcome if the provision of nanotechnology is to understand the expected enhanced comprehension of the patho-physiological premise of illness, carry more refined analytic chances, and yield enhanced thereapies. Toxicological dangers of nanoparticles To utilize the potential of Nanotechnology within Nanomedicine, full consideration is required to security and toxicological issues. For pharmaceuticals particular medication conveyance details may be utilized to build the alleged helpful proportion or record being the edge between the measurement required for clinical viability and the dosage prompting side effects ( (lethality). Notwithstanding, additionally for these particular details a toxicological assessment is required. This is especially valid for the provisions of nanoparticles for drug conveyance. Medicinal necessity For medicinal purpose certain routine measures requirement to be performed which will hang on to various potential dangers. In any case, it might be expected that not all dangers are at this minute known for the utilization of nanoparticles. Advantages Nanoparticle-based drug conveyance frameworks have extensive potential for medication of tuberculosis (TB). The essential mechanical favorable circumstances of nanoparticles utilized as medication bearers are high stability, high transport limit, achievability of fuse of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and possibility of variable courses of organization, including oral provision and inhalation. Nanoparticles can likewise be intended to permit regulated (supported) drug discharge from the network. These properties of nanoparticles empower change of drug bioavailability and decrease of the dosing recurrence, and may resolve the issue of nonadherence to endorsed help, which is one of the significant deterrents in the control of TB scourges. The accompanying are around the essential innovative points of interest of nanoparticles as medication transporters: high security (i.e., long timeframe of realistic usability); high bearer limit (i.e., numerous pill particles could be c onsolidated in the molecule grid); attainability of fuse of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances; and practicality of variable courses of organization, including oral organization and inward breath. These bearers can likewise be intended to empower regulated (supported) pill discharge from the matrix.the conduct of polymeric nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract is affected by their bioadhesive properties; grip of nanoparticles to the mucosa upgrades the retention of the copartnered medication, hence expanding its bioavailability. Consequently, lectins have been indicated to enhance mucoadhesion of the pill because of the biorecognition of the lectin-united transporters by glycosylated structures in the intestine.their significant focal points, for example, change of medication bioavailability and lessening of the dosing recurrence, may make a sound support for better administration of the malady, making specifically watched medicine more pragmatic and moderate. An alte rnate significant focal point of the nanoparticles is the plausibility of the adaptable courses of pill organization, including oral and inward breath courses. Furthermore, high soundness of the nanoparticles proposes long time span of usability. It could be normal that future examination will focus on the improvement of the vectorized conveyance frameworks consolidating preferences of the colloidal bearers, for example, expansive payloads of a medication, with animated focusing to the spoiling destinations. Conclusion The achievement of this innovation will likely rely on upon toxicological issues connected with comprehension of the destiny of nanocarriers and their polymeric constituents in the physique, and end of the danger of the remaining natural solvents. In this admiration, the likelihood of utilizing pill bearers produced out of characteristic polymers (e.g., chitosan or alginate) speaks to a magnetic point of view. The utilization of Nanotechnology in solution and all the more particularly pill conveyance is situated to spread quickly. For a long time pharmaceutical sciences have been utilizing nanoparticles to lessen danger and symptoms of medications. Up to as of late it was not understood that these transporter frameworks themselves may force dangers to the patient. The sort of risks that are presented by utilizing nanoparticles for pill conveyance are past that postured by expected dangers forced by chemicals in conveyance networks. In any case, in this way, the experimental ideal mod el for the conceivable (unfavorable) reactivity of nanoparticles needs and we have small comprehension of the nuts and bolts of the cooperation of nanoparticles with living cells, organs and life forms. A theoretical comprehension of natural reactions to nanomaterials is required to create and apply sheltered nanomaterials in medication conveyance later on. Moreover a nearby coordinated effort between those working in pill conveyance and molecule toxicology is vital for the trade of ideas, strategies and skill to accelerate this issue. References Gelperina.S. et al. (2005). The Potential Advantages of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems in Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis.American journal of Respiratory and critical care medicine. 172(12).1487-1490). Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718451/ Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, Becker, et al. The crucial role of particle surface reactivity in respirable quartz induced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species formation and APE/Ref-1 induction in rat lung.Respir Res.2005;6:129. Ã…kerman ME, Chan WCW, Laakkonen P, et al. Nonocrystal targeting in vivo.PNAS.2002;99:12617–21. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Alyautdin RN, Petrov VE, Langer K, et al. Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain barrier with polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles.J Pharm Res.1997;14:325–8.erican Journal of Respiratory and Critical C Bourges JL, Gautier SE, Delie F, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using polylactide nanoparticles.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2003;44:3562–9 Medicine Borm PJ, Kreyling W. Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles – potential implications for drug delivery.J Nanosc Nanotechnol.2004;4:521–31. Borm PJ, Muller-Schulte D. Nanoparticles in drug delivery and environmental exposure: same size, same risks?Nanomedicine.2006;1:235–49. Benardi RJ, Lowery AR, Thompson PA, et al. Immunoshells for targeted photothermal ablation in medulloblastoma and glioma: an in vitro evaluation using human cell lines.J Neurooncol.2007 Sep 6;Epub ahead of print. Borm PJ. Particle toxicology: from coal mining to nanotechnology.Inhal Toxicol.2002;14:311–24. Cascone MG, Lazzeri L, Carmignani C, et al. Gelatin nanoparticles produced by a simple W/O emulsion as delivery system for methotrexate.J Mat Sc: Mat in Med.2002;13:523–6. Chen LC, Nadziejko C. Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) in mice V CAPs exacerbate aortic plaque development in hyperlipidemic mice.Inhal Toxicol.2005;17:217–24. Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Gigliotti AP, et al. Cardiovascular effects of inhaled diesel exhaust in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Cardiovasc Toxicol.2003;3:353–61. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Reed W, Maronpot RR, et al. Brain inflammation and Alzheimer’s-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution.Toxicol Pathol.2004;32:650–8. Damascelli B, Patelli GL, Lanocita R, et al. A novel intraarterial chemotherapy using paclitaxel in albumin nanoparticles to treat advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: preliminary findings.Am J Roentgenol.2003;181:253–603. Donaldson K, Stone V, Tran CL, et al. Nanotoxicology.Occup Environ Med.2004;61:727–28. Duncan R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics.Nat Rev Drug Disc.2003;2:347–60. Edetsberger M, Gaubitzer E, Valic E, et al. Detection of nanometer-sized particles in living cells using modern fluorescence fluctuation methods.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2005;332:109–16. Elder A, Gelein R, Silva V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system.Environ Health Perspect.2006;114:1172–8. Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges.Nat Rev Cancer.2005;5:161–71. Gibaud S, Demoy M, Andreux JP, et al. Cells involved in the capture of nanoparticles in hematopoietic organs.J Pharm Sci.1996;85:944–50. Gomes AJ, Lunardi LO, Marchetti JM, et al. Indocyanine green nanoparticles useful for photomedicine.Photomed Laser Surg.2006;24:514–21. Gupta AK, Curtis ASG. Surface modified supermagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: interaction studies with human firbroblasts in culture.J Mater Sci: Mat in Med.2004;15:493–6. Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification.Nano Lett.2004;4:2163–9. Huang M, Khor E, Lim L-Y. Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation.Pharm Res.2004;21:344–53. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food additives) Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.INS 175.2001. Kawano T, Yamagata M, Takahishi H, et al. Stabilizing of plasmid DNA in vivo by PEG-modified cationic gold nanoparticles and the gene expression assisted with electrical pulses.J Control Release.2006;111:382–9. Kirchner C, Liedl T, Kudera S, et al. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles.Nano Letters.2005;5:331–8. Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, et al. Paclitaxel nanoparticles for the potential treatment of brain tumors.J Control Release.2004;99:259–69. Kreuter J. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2001;47:65–81. Lenaerts V, Nagelkerke JF, Van Berkel TJ, et al. In vivo uptake of polyisobutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles by rat liver Kupffer, endothelial, and parenchymal cells.J Pharm Sci.1984;73:980–2. Lockman PR, Koziara JM, Mumper RJ, et al. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability.J Drug Target.2004;12:635–41. Panyam J, Zhou WZ, Prabha S, et al. Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery.FASEB J.2002;16:1217–26. Oberdà ¶rster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain.Inhalation Toxicol.2004;16:437–45.

The Motifs of Furniture and Yoke in George Eliots Middlemarch Essay

The Motifs of Furniture and Yoke in George Eliot's Middlemarch "'You have not made my life pleasant to me of late'-'the hardships which our marriage has brought on me'-these words were stinging his imagination as a pain makes an exaggerated dream (667)." On the list of life's complexities, marriage, perhaps, reigns at the top. George Eliot's Middlemarch exhumes many of the complicated facets of marriage from a Victorian England milieu. Although the character spectrum in Middlemarch includes diversity in social class, the bulk of players are members of the aristocracy. Despite financial wealth, married women were bound to their husbands-Eliot employs the metaphor of the yoke to convey strict bondage to the spouse and domesticity. On the other hand, an aristocratic married couple was likely bound to material possessions; in the instance of Middlemarch, furniture serves as a complex motif. An analysis on the themes of yoke and furniture in Eliot's novel prompts several questions. What does the definition of yoke imply about the metaphor? Who bears the yoke in marriage? Who is concerned with furniture? What roles does furniture portray in Middlemarch? Finally, a comparative discussion on the ties between the yoke and furniture as burdens in marital relationships will conclude the argument. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the primary definition of "yoke" as: A contrivance, used from ancient times, by which two animals, esp. oxen, are coupled together for drawing a plough or vehicle; usually consisting of a somewhat curved or hollowed piece of wood fitted with 'bows' or hoops at the end which are passed round the animals' necks, and having a ring or hooks attached to the middle to which is fastened a chain or trace e... ...ial status), some men, particularly Lydgate, were enslaved by their wife's emotions and demands. In regard to furniture, however, it was usually only wealthy men who lived beyond their means that were bound to debt, since they held sovereignty in decision-making. Comparing the motifs of the yoke and furniture in the novel is an intricate and interesting task because they are both tangible objects that represent metaphoric repression, burden, or anxiety. Although George Eliot uses many rhetorical devices in Middlemarch, the clever employment of multi-faceted motifs was effective in conveying the underlying messages about women's rights and the burden of materialism. Work Cited and Consulted: Eliot, George. Middlemarch. 1871. London: Penguin, 1994. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. U of Oxford. 18 December 2002. Princeton Text Archive. 18 December 2002.

Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous System Essay -- Medicine Biology Res

Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous System Better known as an environmental hazard, nitric oxide (NO) is produced in combustion engines and contributes to smog and acid rain and has been implicated in the catalytic destruction of the ozone layer (Lancaster;1992). Though NO is the bad-boy of the environment, it’s roles in the body are extremely diverse and in some instances can be deleterious or beneficial depending on the circumstances. NO has been connected with immune function, control of blood pressure and hypertension, impotence and penile erection, septic shock, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and macrophage mediated destruction of oncogenic cells (Young;1993, Stroh;1992). However, its activities in the nervous system may be the most exciting discovery yet for this eclectic molecule (Koshland;1992). Due to NO’s radical structure, it is highly reactive and very short-lived within the body (6-15 sec.) making its detection difficult (Lancaster;1992); as such, it can therefore be synthesized only on demand since radicals are known to disrupt cellular homeostasis. NO is small and uncharged and it rapidly diffuses through cellular membranes from its site of synthesis making it in ideal intercellular paracrine-like messenger or poison (Lancaster;1992). In the body, NO reacts with redox metals such as copper, manganese, or the iron heme-like protein centers, and molecular oxygen forming nitrites and nitrates, the latter constituting the principal manner in which NO is inactivated in vivo (Snyder;1992). The enzyme which synthesizes NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been cloned and structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase, possessing many sequence homologies and the same physical sites for binding of identic... ... in Cells. American Scientist, 80:248-259, May/June 1992. Murray, R. K., D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. Nitric Oxide is the Endothelium Derived Relaxation Factor and is Also an Important Compound in the Nervous System. Harper’s Biochemistry, pp 657-658, Appleton & Lange, USA, 1993. Schuman, E. M. and D. V. Madison. A Requirement for the Intercellular Messenger Nitric Oxide in Lone Term Potentiation. Science, 254:1503-1506, Dec. 6, 1991. Snyder, S. H. and D. S. Bredt. Biological Roles of Nitric Oxide. Scientific American, 266:68-71+, May 1992. Snyder, S. H. Nitric Oxide: First in a New Class of Neurotransmitters. Science, 257:494-496, July 24, 1992. Stroh, M. The Root of Impotence: Does Nitric Oxide Hold the Key. Science News, 142:10-11. July 4, 1992. Young, S. The Body’s Vital Poison. New Scientist, 137:36-40, March 13, 1993. Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous System Essay -- Medicine Biology Res Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous System Better known as an environmental hazard, nitric oxide (NO) is produced in combustion engines and contributes to smog and acid rain and has been implicated in the catalytic destruction of the ozone layer (Lancaster;1992). Though NO is the bad-boy of the environment, it’s roles in the body are extremely diverse and in some instances can be deleterious or beneficial depending on the circumstances. NO has been connected with immune function, control of blood pressure and hypertension, impotence and penile erection, septic shock, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and macrophage mediated destruction of oncogenic cells (Young;1993, Stroh;1992). However, its activities in the nervous system may be the most exciting discovery yet for this eclectic molecule (Koshland;1992). Due to NO’s radical structure, it is highly reactive and very short-lived within the body (6-15 sec.) making its detection difficult (Lancaster;1992); as such, it can therefore be synthesized only on demand since radicals are known to disrupt cellular homeostasis. NO is small and uncharged and it rapidly diffuses through cellular membranes from its site of synthesis making it in ideal intercellular paracrine-like messenger or poison (Lancaster;1992). In the body, NO reacts with redox metals such as copper, manganese, or the iron heme-like protein centers, and molecular oxygen forming nitrites and nitrates, the latter constituting the principal manner in which NO is inactivated in vivo (Snyder;1992). The enzyme which synthesizes NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been cloned and structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase, possessing many sequence homologies and the same physical sites for binding of identic... ... in Cells. American Scientist, 80:248-259, May/June 1992. Murray, R. K., D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. Nitric Oxide is the Endothelium Derived Relaxation Factor and is Also an Important Compound in the Nervous System. Harper’s Biochemistry, pp 657-658, Appleton & Lange, USA, 1993. Schuman, E. M. and D. V. Madison. A Requirement for the Intercellular Messenger Nitric Oxide in Lone Term Potentiation. Science, 254:1503-1506, Dec. 6, 1991. Snyder, S. H. and D. S. Bredt. Biological Roles of Nitric Oxide. Scientific American, 266:68-71+, May 1992. Snyder, S. H. Nitric Oxide: First in a New Class of Neurotransmitters. Science, 257:494-496, July 24, 1992. Stroh, M. The Root of Impotence: Does Nitric Oxide Hold the Key. Science News, 142:10-11. July 4, 1992. Young, S. The Body’s Vital Poison. New Scientist, 137:36-40, March 13, 1993.

Understanding Fast Poisons Essay -- Biology Toxic Papers

Understanding Fast Poisons Toxic chemicals are all around us. Some of the fastest acting toxic chemicals, though not necessarily deadly, are literally in our houses and backyards. Castor bean, daffodil and jonquil, lily-of-the-valley, foxglove, yew, holly and other cultivated plants can be found in many gardens. Poison ivy and pokeweed can be found along roadsides, fencelines, and in fields. Dumbcane, Euphorbia (crown of thorns, pointsettia), jade, wandering Jew and other plants also can be found in many homes. All of these plants and many more are toxic because of the chemicals they contain, yet we live with them safely. In many cases, scientists don't even know what the particular chemical is that is toxic. Plants are not the only source of toxic chemicals in the natural environment. Each year a number of people (particularly in Japan) are poisoned by eating pufferfish, which contains tetrodotoxin, or by ingesting saxitoxin (also known as paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) that is sometimes present in shellfish where Red Tide (an algae "bloom") has occurred. Other people end up in the hospital because they were stung by hornets or wasps, bitten by rattlesnakes or other venomous snakes around the world, or were bitten by venomous spiders. Toxic animals, amphibians, reptiles, insects and other living nonplant creatures are more common than people think. There are more than 1,000 known species of poisonous marine species, 375 venomous snakes around the world, an uncountable number of venomous spiders, and a wide assortment of creatures that become poisonous because of something they consume or make when they metabolize or break down chemicals they consume in their foods. The chemicals in these and other common living thing... ... monoxide is only one example of how one chemical gets into the body and causes a problem. Other chemicals reduce the availability of other elements necessary to the body and can cause problems ranging from mild and reversible to severe and deadly. Instead of decreasing the availability of certain necessary elements, some chemicals cause an increase in the availability and this also causes health problems. Often, the terms for toxicity used by the medical profession are named for the organs they affect such as the liver (heptatoxcicity), kidney (nephrotoxicity), and nervous system (neurotoxicity). Partly because different chemicals cause different responses in these and other organs, there are no simple explanations--no generalizations--for the effects of exposures and each must be examined individually. Reference: Calculated Risks by Joseph V. Rodricks (1992).

Women in Combat

Women In Combat â€Å"From Kelly Flinn to G. I. Jane, controversy has raged in recent months over whether women are fit for military service† (Brown 326). In the articles â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire! † and â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† both authors convey their thoughts on women in combat. Both authors give many reasons why or why not women should be allowed to fight in combat. Timothy Brown, the author of â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire! gives many more strong examples to argue his case than the author of â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class† and, consequently, has a more persuasive essay. In an effort to discourage women from considering combat rolls in the military, Paul Hackett, one of the authors of â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† made this bold statement in his argument, â€Å"Can women master the skills and strategies of combat as well as men? Yes. Can women mentally endure the rigors of combat as well as men? Yes. Can women meet the physical rigors of combat at the level required by the U. S. orces and in particular the U. S. Marine Corps? Absolutely not! † Is it fair to assume that women are incapable of having the stability to fight in combat? Brown uses the women commandos of Nicaragua who fought for their country to argue his point that if given the opportunity and encouragement, American women could effectively perform well in combat. Since the beginning of time, women have been viewed as the weaker sex. Through the years, the stature of women in society has grown, leading a way for women to become not the male’s possession but his equal. This is not true all the time, especially when dealing with women in combat. James Collins another author of â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat† argues that when women are put in life threatening conditions, many of them would rise to the challenge, but he doesn’t believe that women should be allowed to be on the front line in combat. As Brown explains, anyone who wants to fight on the front line for his/her country should be able to, regardless of sex. Women have proved themselves to be fully capable in doing most jobs a man can do. It’s not an issue of who is better. â€Å"In terms of the demands of infantry warfare, women have proved themselves capable of fighting under even the most arduous of conditions† (Brown 327). According to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, â€Å"all men and women are created equal† (WIC). Brown supports this statement made by Stanton by using personal experiences of women such as Angelica Maria. â€Å"A legend among her male peers, Angelica Maria then continued as commander of her almost all-male platoon until, wounded in ombat for a seventh time, she was forced to seek medical attention† (Brown 326). Hackett on the other hand says â€Å"The marine Corps grunts are the Olympic gold medallists when it comes to combat. If for the sake of diversity and political correctness we want to include a women in combat, then consider the cost of that decision: the silver medal in combat is defeat† (Hackett 329). The reality that Hackett can actually believe that a woman i n combat would lead to defeat is absurd and degrading to the entire female population. As Brown believes, women should be able to fight for their country, without being demoralized while doing so. Not only does Timothy Brown convince his readers that woman in combat is more than just about women’s rights and morals. He convinces his readers that women in combat are about the ability to make dreams come true is what really matters. By doing so, he is paving the way for many other men and women to speak their mind on this very important issue and also helping women progress in the field of combat. Bibliography Work Cited Brown, Timothy C. â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire,† The Structure of Argument. 1994. Bedford/St. Martin’s Collins, James, Paul L. Hackett, Bill Norton. â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† The Structure of Argument. 1994. Bedford/St. Martin’s The New American Desk Encyclopedia Penguin Group, New York, 1998 Women’s History in America Presented by Women’s International Center (WIC) www. wic. org/misc/history. htm Word Count: 638 Women in Combat Women In Combat â€Å"From Kelly Flinn to G. I. Jane, controversy has raged in recent months over whether women are fit for military service† (Brown 326). In the articles â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire! † and â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† both authors convey their thoughts on women in combat. Both authors give many reasons why or why not women should be allowed to fight in combat. Timothy Brown, the author of â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire! gives many more strong examples to argue his case than the author of â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class† and, consequently, has a more persuasive essay. In an effort to discourage women from considering combat rolls in the military, Paul Hackett, one of the authors of â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† made this bold statement in his argument, â€Å"Can women master the skills and strategies of combat as well as men? Yes. Can women mentally endure the rigors of combat as well as men? Yes. Can women meet the physical rigors of combat at the level required by the U. S. orces and in particular the U. S. Marine Corps? Absolutely not! † Is it fair to assume that women are incapable of having the stability to fight in combat? Brown uses the women commandos of Nicaragua who fought for their country to argue his point that if given the opportunity and encouragement, American women could effectively perform well in combat. Since the beginning of time, women have been viewed as the weaker sex. Through the years, the stature of women in society has grown, leading a way for women to become not the male’s possession but his equal. This is not true all the time, especially when dealing with women in combat. James Collins another author of â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat† argues that when women are put in life threatening conditions, many of them would rise to the challenge, but he doesn’t believe that women should be allowed to be on the front line in combat. As Brown explains, anyone who wants to fight on the front line for his/her country should be able to, regardless of sex. Women have proved themselves to be fully capable in doing most jobs a man can do. It’s not an issue of who is better. â€Å"In terms of the demands of infantry warfare, women have proved themselves capable of fighting under even the most arduous of conditions† (Brown 327). According to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, â€Å"all men and women are created equal† (WIC). Brown supports this statement made by Stanton by using personal experiences of women such as Angelica Maria. â€Å"A legend among her male peers, Angelica Maria then continued as commander of her almost all-male platoon until, wounded in ombat for a seventh time, she was forced to seek medical attention† (Brown 326). Hackett on the other hand says â€Å"The marine Corps grunts are the Olympic gold medallists when it comes to combat. If for the sake of diversity and political correctness we want to include a women in combat, then consider the cost of that decision: the silver medal in combat is defeat† (Hackett 329). The reality that Hackett can actually believe that a woman i n combat would lead to defeat is absurd and degrading to the entire female population. As Brown believes, women should be able to fight for their country, without being demoralized while doing so. Not only does Timothy Brown convince his readers that woman in combat is more than just about women’s rights and morals. He convinces his readers that women in combat are about the ability to make dreams come true is what really matters. By doing so, he is paving the way for many other men and women to speak their mind on this very important issue and also helping women progress in the field of combat. Bibliography Work Cited Brown, Timothy C. â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire,† The Structure of Argument. 1994. Bedford/St. Martin’s Collins, James, Paul L. Hackett, Bill Norton. â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† The Structure of Argument. 1994. Bedford/St. Martin’s The New American Desk Encyclopedia Penguin Group, New York, 1998 Women’s History in America Presented by Women’s International Center (WIC) www. wic. org/misc/history. htm Word Count: 638 Women in Combat Women In Combat â€Å"From Kelly Flinn to G. I. Jane, controversy has raged in recent months over whether women are fit for military service† (Brown 326). In the articles â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire! † and â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† both authors convey their thoughts on women in combat. Both authors give many reasons why or why not women should be allowed to fight in combat. Timothy Brown, the author of â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire! gives many more strong examples to argue his case than the author of â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class† and, consequently, has a more persuasive essay. In an effort to discourage women from considering combat rolls in the military, Paul Hackett, one of the authors of â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† made this bold statement in his argument, â€Å"Can women master the skills and strategies of combat as well as men? Yes. Can women mentally endure the rigors of combat as well as men? Yes. Can women meet the physical rigors of combat at the level required by the U. S. orces and in particular the U. S. Marine Corps? Absolutely not! † Is it fair to assume that women are incapable of having the stability to fight in combat? Brown uses the women commandos of Nicaragua who fought for their country to argue his point that if given the opportunity and encouragement, American women could effectively perform well in combat. Since the beginning of time, women have been viewed as the weaker sex. Through the years, the stature of women in society has grown, leading a way for women to become not the male’s possession but his equal. This is not true all the time, especially when dealing with women in combat. James Collins another author of â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat† argues that when women are put in life threatening conditions, many of them would rise to the challenge, but he doesn’t believe that women should be allowed to be on the front line in combat. As Brown explains, anyone who wants to fight on the front line for his/her country should be able to, regardless of sex. Women have proved themselves to be fully capable in doing most jobs a man can do. It’s not an issue of who is better. â€Å"In terms of the demands of infantry warfare, women have proved themselves capable of fighting under even the most arduous of conditions† (Brown 327). According to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, â€Å"all men and women are created equal† (WIC). Brown supports this statement made by Stanton by using personal experiences of women such as Angelica Maria. â€Å"A legend among her male peers, Angelica Maria then continued as commander of her almost all-male platoon until, wounded in ombat for a seventh time, she was forced to seek medical attention† (Brown 326). Hackett on the other hand says â€Å"The marine Corps grunts are the Olympic gold medallists when it comes to combat. If for the sake of diversity and political correctness we want to include a women in combat, then consider the cost of that decision: the silver medal in combat is defeat† (Hackett 329). The reality that Hackett can actually believe that a woman i n combat would lead to defeat is absurd and degrading to the entire female population. As Brown believes, women should be able to fight for their country, without being demoralized while doing so. Not only does Timothy Brown convince his readers that woman in combat is more than just about women’s rights and morals. He convinces his readers that women in combat are about the ability to make dreams come true is what really matters. By doing so, he is paving the way for many other men and women to speak their mind on this very important issue and also helping women progress in the field of combat. Bibliography Work Cited Brown, Timothy C. â€Å"Women Unfit for Combat? Au Contraire,† The Structure of Argument. 1994. Bedford/St. Martin’s Collins, James, Paul L. Hackett, Bill Norton. â€Å"Women are not a Warrior Class,† The Structure of Argument. 1994. Bedford/St. Martin’s The New American Desk Encyclopedia Penguin Group, New York, 1998 Women’s History in America Presented by Women’s International Center (WIC) www. wic. org/misc/history. htm Word Count: 638